ulvr201207066kbatch.htm
 
 

FORM 6-K

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549
 
REPORT OF FOREIGN ISSUER
 
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
For the months of
May and June, 2012

 
                      
UNILEVER PLC    
(Translation of registrant's name into English)
 
UNILEVER HOUSE, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON, ENGLAND

(Address of principal executive offices)
 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports
under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.
 
Form 20-F..X.. Form 40-F.....
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper
as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1):_____
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper
as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7):_____
 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information
contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the
Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
 
Yes ..... No .X..
 
If "Yes" is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant
in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): 82- _______
 
Exhibit 99 attached hereto is incorporated herein by reference.
 
 
Signatures
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
UNILEVER PLC
 
/S/ T E LOVELL
By  T E LOVELL
SECRETARY
Date:4 July, 2012
 
EXHIBIT INDEX
 
 
EXHIBIT NUMBER      EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION 
99                                     Notice to London Stock Exchange dated4 July, 2012
 
 
 
             
Exhibit 99
 
This Report on Form 6-K contains the following:
 
 
Exhibit 1:         Stock Exchange announcement dated 4 May 2012 entitled 'Director/PDMR Shareholding'
 
Exhibit 2:         Stock Exchange announcement dated 4 May 2012 entitled 'Publication of Prospectus'
 
Exhibit 3:         Stock Exchange announcement dated 8 May 2012 entitled 'Director/PDMR Shareholding'
 
Exhibit 4:         Stock Exchange announcement dated 9 May 2012 entitled 'Results of  AGM'
 
Exhibit 5:         Stock Exchange announcement dated 31 May 2012 entitled 'Director/PDMR Shareholding'
 
Exhibit 6:         Stock Exchange announcement dated 15 June 2012 entitled 'Director/PDMR Shareholding'
 
 
 
Exhibit 1:
 
4 May  2012
NOTIFICATION OF TRANSACTIONS OF DIRECTORS, PERSONS DISCHARGING MANAGERIAL RESPONSIBILITY OR CONNECTED PERSONS
 
Unilever PLC was notified on 4 May 2012 of the following transaction which took place on 3 May 2012:
 
 
Ms H Nyasulu (PDMR) - purchase of 200 Unilever PLC Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares at a price of 2155p per share.
 
The above transaction was carried out in the UK.
 
This announcement is made following notifications under Disclosure and Transparency rule 3.1.4(R)(1)(a).
 
Name of contact and telephone number for queries: SAMANTHA HOOD - +44(0)207 822 5928
 
Name of authorised official of issuer responsible for making notification:
 
TONIA LOVELL - COMPANY SECRETARY
 
4 May 2012
 

This information is provided by RNS
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
 
END
 
 
 

 
Exhibit 2:
4 May 2012
 
 
PUBLICATION OF PROSPECTUS
The following prospectus has been approved by the UK Listing Authority and is available for viewing:
Prospectus dated 4th May 2012 relating to a US$ 15,000,000,000 Debt Issuance Programme with Unilever N.V., Unilever PLC and Unilever Japan Holdings K.K. as issuers.
To view the full document, please paste the following URL into the address bar of your browser:
http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/8102C_-2012-5-4.pdf
In addition, a copy of the Prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference therein have been submitted to the National Storage Mechanism and will be shortly available for inspection at
www.Hemscott.com/nsm.do.
For further information, please contact:
Unilever PLC
Unilever House
100 Victoria Embankment
Blackfriars
London EC4Y 0DY
T: +44 (0) 20 7822 5252
F: +44 (0) 20 7822 5464
DISCLAIMER - INTENDED ADDRESSEES
Please note that the information contained in the Prospectus may be addressed to and/or targeted at persons who are residents of particular countries (specified in the Prospectus) only and is not intended for use and should not be relied upon by any person outside these countries and/or to whom the offer contained in the Prospectus is not addressed. Prior to relying on the information contained in the Prospectus you must ascertain from the Prospectus whether or not you are part of the intended addressees of the information contained therein.
The Notes have not been and will not be registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or any relevant securities laws of any state of the United States and are subject to U.S. tax law requirements. Subject to certain exceptions, the Notes may not be offered, sold or delivered in the United States or to or for the account or benefit of U.S. persons, as such terms are defined in Regulation S under the Securities Act.
Your right to access this service is conditional upon complying with the above requirement.
 
 
SAFE HARBOUR
This announcement may contain forward-looking statements, including 'forward-looking statements' within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as 'expects', 'anticipates', 'intends', 'believes' or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Group. They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance. Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which could cause actual results to differ materially are; Unilever's global brands not meeting consumer preferences; increasing competitive pressures; Unilever's investment choices in its portfolio management; finding sustainable solutions to support long-term growth; customer relationships; the recruitment and retention of talented employees; disruptions in our supply chain; the cost of raw materials and commodities; secure and reliable IT infrastructure; successful execution of acquisitions, divestitures and business transformation projects; economic and political risks and natural disasters; the sovereign debt crisis in Europe; financial risks; failure to meet high product safety and ethical standards; and regulatory, tax and legal risks. Further details of potential risks and uncertainties affecting the Group are described in the Group's filings with the London Stock Exchange, Euronext Amsterdam and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Group's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2011 and the Annual Report and Accounts 2011. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this announcement. Except as required by any applicable law or regulation, the Group expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements, contained herein to reflect any change in the Group's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based.

This information is provided by RNS
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
 
 
 
END
 


 
Exhibit 3:
 
8 May 2012
 
NOTIFICATION OF TRANSACTIONS OF DIRECTORS, PERSONS DISCHARGING MANAGERIAL RESPONSIBILITY OR CONNECTED PERSONS
 
Unilever PLC was notified on 8 May 2012 of the following transaction which took place on 3 May 2012:
 
Mr K Weed (PDMR)
 
-     sold 2,745 Unilever PLC Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares at a price of 2122p per share. 
 
 
Mrs C Weed (a connected person to Mr K Weed)
 
 
-     sold 2,552 Unilever PLC Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares at a price of 2140p per share. 
 
 The above transaction was carried out in the UK.
 
 This announcement is made following notifications under Disclosure and Transparency rule 3.1.4(R)(1)(a).
 
 Name of contact and telephone number for queries:
 
SAMANTHA HOOD - +44(0)207 822 5928
 
Name of authorised official of issuer responsible for making notification:
 
TONIA LOVELL - COMPANY SECRETARY
 
 8 May 2012
 

 
This information is provided by RNS
 
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
 
 
END
 



Exhibit 4:
 
9 May 2012
 
UNILEVER PLC
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
ALL RESOLUTIONS APPROVED
 
Unilever PLC shareholders today approved all resolutions put to the 2012 Annual General Meeting in London. Voting was by poll on each resolution and the results are set out below.
BOARD APPOINTMENTS
The following continuing directors stood for election and were duly re-elected by the shareholders of Unilever PLC: Louise Fresco, Ann Fudge, Charles Golden, Byron Grote, Jean-Marc Hu
ët, Sunil Bharti Mittal, Hixonia Nyasulu, Paul Polman, Sir Malcolm Rifkind, Kees Storm, Michael Treschow, and Paul Walsh.
Each proposed candidate for re-election was also proposed and all resolutions were passed approving his or her appointment as an Executive or Non-Executive Director at the Unilever N.V. AGM on 9 May 2012.
POLL RESULTS - ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 9 MAY 2012
 
 
TOTAL VOTES FOR
%
TOTAL VOTES AGAINST
%
TOTAL VOTES CAST
% OF SHARE CAPITAL VALIDLY CAST VOTED FOR AND AGAINST
VOTES WITHHELD
1. To receive the Report and Accounts for the year ended
31 December 2011
913,977,603
99.98
191,338
0.02
914,168,941
71.23%
510,032
2. To approve the Directors' Remuneration Report for the year ended
31 December 2011
829,123,792
93.88
54,080,467
6.12
883,204,259
68.81%
31,530,263
3. To re-elect Mr P G J M Polman as a Director
913,528,650
99.93
612,151
0.07
914,140,801
71.22%
604,589
4.
To re-elect Mr R J-M S Huët as a Director
913,544,053
99.94
581,563
0.06
914,125,616
71.22%
618,765
5.
To re-elect Professor L O Fresco as a Director
911,085,019
99.67
2,983,183
0.33
914,068,202
71.22%
640,451
6.
To re-elect Ms A M Fudge as a Director
905,380,281
99.05
8,707,654
0.95
914,087,935
71.22%
653,233
7.
To re-elect Mr C E Golden as a Director
910,816,487
99.67
2,970,695
0.33
913,787,182
71.20%
855,857
8.
To re-elect Dr B Grote as a Director
912,822,747
99.86
1,261,520
0.14
914,084,267
71.22%
637,435
9. To re-elect Mr Sunil Bharti Mittal as a Director
909,544,164
99.65
3,199,568
0.35
912,743,732
71.12%
1,981,043
10. To re-elect Ms H Nyasulu as a Director
911,445,606
99.71
2,638,512
0.29
914,084,118
71.22%
628,580
11. To re-elect The Rt Hon Sir Malcolm Rifkind MP as a Director
911,968,279
99.77
2,095,061
0.23
914,063,340
71.22%
652,588
12. To re-elect Mr K J Storm as a Director
902,621,474
98.85
10,523,776
1.15
913,145,250
71.15%
1,583,519
13.
To re-elect Mr M Treschow as a Director
906,232,939
99.14
7,853,994
0.86
914,086,933
71.22%
643,324
14. To re-elect Mr P Walsh as a Director
813,649,681
89.01
100,462,066
10.99
914,111,747
71.22%
622,247
15.
To re-appoint PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as Auditors of the Company
906,475,591
99.53
4,297,033
0.47
910,772,624
70.96%
3,970,417
16.
To authorise the Directors to fix the remuneration of the Auditors
907,010,716
99.58
3,829,894
0.42
910,840,610
70.97%
3,888,763
17.
To renew the authority to Directors to issue shares
895,681,610
97.99
18,418,763
2.01
914,100,373
71.22%
577,006
18. To renew the authority to Directors to disapply pre-emption rights
907,280,809
99.28
6,565,982
0.72
913,846,791
71.20%
867,769
19.
To renew the authority to the Company to purchase its own shares
913,399,041
99.91
818,044
0.09
914,217,085
71.23%
488,098
20.
To authorise Political Donations and Expenditure
895,694,255
98.32
15,334,977
1.68
911,029,232
70.98%
3,638,954
21. To shorten the Notice period for General Meetings
842,243,636
92.14
71,798,890
7.86
914,042,526
71.22%
687,283
22. Adoption of new Articles of Association
912,884,302
99.91
860,090
0.09
913,744,392
71.19%
979,561
 
NOTES:
- The 'For' vote includes votes given at the Chairman's discretion and details of proxy votes cast are referred to in the table above.
- The total number of Unilever PLC shares with voting rights in issue at 3pm on Wednesday 9 May 2012 was 1,283,459,367. 26,696,994 shares are held in treasury and do not have voting rights attached.
 A 'Vote withheld' is not a vote in law and will not be counted in the calculation of the proportion of the
votes 'for' and 'against' a resolution.
 In accordance with Listing Rule 9.6.2 copies of all the resolutions passed, other than ordinary business, will be submitted to and available for inspection at
the National Storage Mechanism and will shortly be available for inspection at:www.Hemscott.com/nsm.do A copy of the resolutions can also be found in the Chairman's Letter and Notice of Meeting which is available on our website:www.unilever.com/AGM
 9 May 2012
 Safe Harbour
This announcement may contain forward-looking statements, including 'forward-looking statements' within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as 'expects', 'anticipates', 'intends', 'believes' or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Group. They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance. Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which could cause actual results to differ materially are; Unilever's global brands not meeting consumer preferences; increasing competitive pressures; Unilever's investment choices in its portfolio management; finding sustainable solutions to support long-term growth; customer relationships; the recruitment and retention of talented employees; disruptions in our supply chain; the cost of raw materials and commodities; secure and reliable IT infrastructure; successful execution of acquisitions, divestitures and business transformation projects; economic and political risks and natural disasters; the sovereign debt crisis in Europe; financial risks; failure to meet high product safety and ethical standards; and regulatory, tax and legal risks. Further details of potential risks and uncertainties affecting the Group are described in the Group's filings with the London Stock Exchange, Euronext Amsterdam and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Group's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2011 and the Annual Report and Accounts 2011. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this announcement. Except as required by any applicable law or regulation, the Group expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements, contained herein to reflect any change in the Group's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based.

This information is provided by RNS
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
 
 
END
 


 
Exhibit 5:
 
31 May 2012
 
NOTIFICATION OF TRANSACTIONS OF DIRECTORS, PERSONS DISCHARGING MANAGERIAL RESPONSIBILITY OR CONNECTED PERSONS
 
 Unilever PLC was notified on 31 May 2012 of the following transaction which took place on 30 May 2012:
 
 Mr K Havelock (PDMR)
 
-     sold 835 Unilever PLC Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares at a price of 2025p per share. 
 
 The above transaction was carried out in the UK.
 
 This announcement is made following notifications under Disclosure and Transparency rule 3.1.4(R)(1)(a).
 
 Name of contact and telephone number for queries:
 
SAMANTHA HOOD - +44(0)207 822 5928
 
Name of authorised official of issuer responsible for making notification:
 
TONIA LOVELL - COMPANY SECRETARY
 
31 May 2012
 

This information is provided by RNS
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
 
 
END



 
 
Exhibit 6:
 
15 June 2012
NOTIFICATION OF TRANSACTIONS OF DIRECTORS, PERSONS DISCHARGING MANAGERIAL RESPONSIBILITY OR CONNECTED PERSONS
 
 Unilever PLC was notified on 14 June 2012 that on 13 June 2012 either dividend equivalents or dividends earned were reinvested as additional shares on the Unilever Global Share Incentive Plan 2007 (GSIP), the Unilever Management Co Investment Plan (MCIP) and the Unilever North America 2002 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan Global Share Incentive Program, Management Co-Investment Program and the Before-Tax Share Bonus Program. These additional shares were based on the London Stock Exchange closing price of £20.83 or the New York Stock Exchange closing price of $32.41 (as appropriate) on 13 June 2012.
 
  
 
Unilever Global Share Incentive Plan 2007 (GSIP)
 
 
Dividend equivalents earned on GSIP conditional target shares were reinvested as additional GSIP conditional shares, which will be subject to the same performance conditions as the underlying GSIP target shares. The dividend equivalents reinvested were as follows:
 
 
Mr D A Baillie (PDMR) - 571
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Professor G Berger (PDMR) - 477
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K Havelock (PDMR) - 349
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr J-M Huët (Director) - 1,034
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K Kruythoff (PDMR) - 287
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr D Lewis (PDMR) - 467
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr H Manwani (PDMR) - 508
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr P G J M Polman (Director) - 1,441
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr A Saint-Affrique (PDMR) - 302
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr P L Sigismondi (PDMR) - 458
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K C F Weed (PDMR) - 467
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr J Zijderveld (PDMR) - 421
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
The above transactions were carried out in the UK.
 
 Unilever Management Co Investment Plan (MCIP)
 
 
Dividend equivalents earned on MCIP Match Shares were reinvested as additional MCIP Match Shares, which will be subject to the same performance conditions as the underlying MCIP Match Shares. Based on an MCIP Match of 100%, the dividend equivalents reinvested were as follows:
 
 
Mr D A Baillie (PDMR) - 142
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Professor G Berger (PDMR) - 91
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K Havelock (PDMR) - 111
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr J-M Huët (Director) - 39
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K Kruythoff (PDMR) - 44
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr D Lewis (PDMR) - 136
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr H Manwani (PDMR) - 192
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr P G J M Polman (Director) - 190
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr A Saint-Affrique (PDMR) - 95
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr P L Sigismondi (PDMR) - 131
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K C F Weed (PDMR) - 139
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr J Zijderveld (PDMR) - 135
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
The above transactions were carried out in the UK.
 
Unilever Management Co Investment Plan (MCIP)
 
 
Dividends earned on MCIP Investment Shares were as follows:
 
 
Mr K Havelock (PDMR) - 97
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K Kruythoff (PDMR) - 39
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr A Saint-Affrique (PDMR) - 83
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K C F Weed (PDMR) - 53
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
The above transactions were carried out in the UK.
 
Unilever North America 2002 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan
 
 
Dividend equivalents earned on
North America 2002 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan Global Share Incentive Program, Management Co-Investment Program and the Before Tax Share Bonus target shares were reinvested as additional North America 2002 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan shares. The dividend equivalents reinvested were as follows:
 
Global Share Incentive Program
 
Dividend equivalents earned on GSIP conditional target shares were reinvested as additional GSIP conditional shares, which will be subject to the same performance conditions as the underlying GSIP target shares. The dividend equivalents reinvested were as follows:
 
Mr A Jope (PDMR)
- 544 American Depositary Receipts each representing 1 Ordinary 3 1/9 pence share
 
The above transaction was carried out in the USA.
Management Co-Investment Program
Dividend equivalents earned on MCIP conditional target shares were reinvested as additional MCIP conditional shares, which will be subject to the same performance conditions as the underlying MCIP target shares. Based on an MCIP Match of 100%, the dividend equivalents reinvested were as follows:
 
 
Mr A Jope (PDMR)
- 104 American Depositary Receipts each representing 1 Ordinary 3 1/9 pence share
 
The above transaction was carried out in the USA
 
Unilever Before-Tax Share Bonus Program
 
 
Dividend equivalents earned on shares in the Share Bonus Program were reinvested and will be distributed in July of the calendar year after the year of retirement or termination. There are no performance conditions associated with receiving these dividends. The dividend equivalents reinvested were as follows:
 
Mr A Jope (PDMR) - 44
American Depositary Receipts each representing 1 Ordinary 3 1/9 pence share
 
 
The above transaction was carried out in the USA.
Reinvestment of dividend on beneficially owned shares
 
 
Dividends were earned on shares beneficially owned, and reinvested as follows:
 
Mr K Havelock (PDMR) - 48
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr A Saint-Affrique (PDMR) -
155 Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K C F Weed (PDMR) - 175
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
Mr K Kruythoff (PDMR) - 96
Ordinary 3 1/9 pence shares
 
The above transactions were carried out in the UK.
This announcement is made following notifications under Disclosure and Transparency rule 3.1.4(R)(1)(a).
 
Name of contact and telephone number for queries:
 
SAMANTHA HOOD - +44(0)207 822 5928
 
 Name of authorised official of issuer responsible for making notification:
 
TONIA LOVELL - GROUP SECRETARY
 
 15 June 2012
 
This information is provided by RNS
The company news service from the London Stock Exchange
 
 
 
END
 


  
Safe Harbour
:
 
This announcement may contain forward-looking statements, including 'forward-looking statements' within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as 'expects', 'anticipates', 'intends', 'believes' or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Group. They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance. Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which could cause actual results to differ materially are; Unilever's global brands not meeting consumer preferences; increasing competitive pressures; Unilever's investment choices in its portfolio management; finding sustainable solutions to support long-term growth; customer relationships; the recruitment and retention of talented employees; disruptions in our supply chain; the cost of raw materials and commodities; secure and reliable IT infrastructure; successful execution of acquisitions, divestitures and business transformation projects; economic and political risks and natural disasters; the sovereign debt crisis in Europe; financial risks; failure to meet high product safety and ethical standards; and regulatory, tax and legal risks. Further details of potential risks and uncertainties affecting the Group are described in the Group's filings with the London Stock Exchange, Euronext Amsterdam and the US Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Group's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2011 and the Annual Report and Accounts 2011. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this announcement. Except as required by any applicable law or regulation, the Group expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements, contained herein to reflect any change in the Group's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based.