x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
OR
o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Maryland | 68-0329422 | |
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(Registrants Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Title of Each Class: | Name of Exchange on Which Registered: | |
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes o NO x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer x | Accelerated Filer o | Non-Accelerated Filer o |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o NO x
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuers classes of stock, as of the last practicable date.
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | 28,072,642 as of November 5, 2007 |
i
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
ASSETS |
||||||||
Real estate loans | $ | 7,656,035 | $ | 9,352,107 | ||||
Real estate securities | 2,926,388 | 3,232,767 | ||||||
Other real estate investments | 25,300 | | ||||||
Non-real estate investments | 80,000 | | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 309,544 | 168,016 | ||||||
Total earning assets | 10,997,267 | 12,752,890 | ||||||
Restricted cash | 137,062 | 112,167 | ||||||
Accrued interest receivable | 50,473 | 70,769 | ||||||
Derivative assets | 19,749 | 26,827 | ||||||
Deferred tax asset | 5,943 | 5,146 | ||||||
Deferred asset-backed securities issuance costs | 46,875 | 42,468 | ||||||
Other assets | 25,439 | 20,206 | ||||||
Total Assets | $ | 11,282,808 | $ | 13,030,473 | ||||
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY |
||||||||
Liabilities |
||||||||
Redwood debt | $ | 39,378 | $ | 1,856,208 | ||||
Asset-backed securities issued | 10,802,528 | 9,979,224 | ||||||
Accrued interest payable | 63,177 | 50,590 | ||||||
Derivative liabilities | 28,477 | 6,214 | ||||||
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 29,467 | 16,832 | ||||||
Dividends payable | 20,989 | 18,715 | ||||||
Subordinated notes | 150,000 | 100,000 | ||||||
Total liabilities | 11,134,016 | 12,027,783 | ||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) |
||||||||
Stockholders Equity |
||||||||
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized; 27,985,954 and 26,733,460 issued and outstanding | 280 | 267 | ||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 974,748 | 903,808 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (735,082 | ) | 93,158 | |||||
Cumulative earnings | 777,819 | 809,011 | ||||||
Cumulative distributions to stockholders | (868,973 | ) | (803,554 | ) | ||||
Total stockholders equity | 148,792 | 1,002,690 | ||||||
Total Liabilities and Stockholders Equity | $ | 11,282,808 | $ | 13,030,473 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
2
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||
Interest Income |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans | $ | 116,670 | $ | 149,018 | $ | 363,097 | $ | 470,893 | ||||||||
Real estate securities | 94,776 | 72,759 | 273,427 | 189,656 | ||||||||||||
Other real estate investments | 1,275 | | 4,409 | | ||||||||||||
Non-real estate investments | 1,143 | | 1,607 | | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 4,960 | 1,872 | 11,048 | 7,220 | ||||||||||||
Total interest income | 218,824 | 223,649 | 653,588 | 667,769 | ||||||||||||
Interest Expense |
||||||||||||||||
Redwood debt | (5,858 | ) | (9,422 | ) | (59,652 | ) | (13,316 | ) | ||||||||
Asset-backed securities issued | (156,222 | ) | (165,251 | ) | (431,709 | ) | (515,531 | ) | ||||||||
Subordinated notes | (3,150 | ) | | (7,722 | ) | | ||||||||||
Total interest expense | (165,230 | ) | (174,673 | ) | (499,083 | ) | (528,847 | ) | ||||||||
Net Interest Income |
53,594 | 48,976 | 154,505 | 138,922 | ||||||||||||
Operating expenses | (11,732 | ) | (13,455 | ) | (42,286 | ) | (42,074 | ) | ||||||||
Realized gains on sales and calls, net | 1,824 | 5,690 | 5,708 | 15,740 | ||||||||||||
Market valuation adjustments, net | (102,766 | ) | (5,257 | ) | (142,460 | ) | (11,184 | ) | ||||||||
Net (loss) income before provision for income taxes | (59,080 | ) | 35,954 | (24,533 | ) | 101,404 | ||||||||||
Provision for income taxes | (1,837 | ) | (3,538 | ) | (6,659 | ) | (9,563 | ) | ||||||||
Net (Loss) Income | $ | (60,917 | ) | $ | 32,416 | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | ||||||
Basic earnings (loss) per share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.25 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.60 | ||||||
Diluted earnings (loss) per share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.22 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.51 | ||||||
Regular dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.75 | $ | 0.70 | $ | 2.25 | $ | 2.10 | ||||||||
Special dividends declared per common share | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Total dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.75 | $ | 0.70 | $ | 2.25 | $ | 2.10 | ||||||||
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 27,892,199 | 25,869,743 | 27,388,185 | 25,525,054 | ||||||||||||
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 27,892,199 | 26,624,532 | 27,388,185 | 26,132,000 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
3
(In Thousands) (Unaudited) |
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||
Net (Loss) Income |
$ | (60,917 | ) | $ | 32,416 | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | ||||||
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income: |
||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities | (644,975 | ) | 31,342 | (839,405 | ) | 29,962 | ||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for net losses included in net income | 18,908 | 30 | 25,853 | 686 | ||||||||||||
Unrealized (losses) on cash flow hedges, net | (28,285 | ) | (27,576 | ) | (14,471 | ) | (3,261 | ) | ||||||||
Reclassification of net realized cash flow hedge losses (gains) to interest expense on asset-backed securities issued and realized gains on sales | 183 | 47 | (217 | ) | (6,338 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | (654,169 | ) | 3,843 | (828,240 | ) | 21,049 | ||||||||||
Comprehensive (Loss) Income | $ | (715,086 | ) | $ | 36,259 | $ | (859,432 | ) | $ | 112,890 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
4
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Cumulative Earnings | Cumulative Distributions to Stockholders | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2006 | 26,733,460 | $ | 267 | $ | 903,808 | $ | 93,158 | $ | 809,011 | $ | (803,554 | ) | $ | 1,002,690 | ||||||||||||||
Net (loss) | | | | | (31,192 | ) | | (31,192 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized loss/reclassification on assets AFS | | | | (813,552 | ) | | | (813,552 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized loss/reclassification on interest rate agreements | | | | (14,688 | ) | | | (14,688 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividend reinvestment & stock purchase plans | 1,168,721 | 12 | 59,128 | | | | 59,140 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Employee option & stock purchase plan | 83,773 | 1 | 438 | | | | 439 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-cash equity award compensation | | | 11,374 | | | | 11,374 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividends declared | | | | | | (65,419 | ) | (65,419 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 | 27,985,954 | $ | 280 | $ | 974,748 | $ | (735,082 | ) | $ | 777,819 | $ | (868,973 | ) | $ | 148,792 |
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Cumulative Earnings | Cumulative Distributions to Stockholders | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2005 | 25,132,625 | $ | 251 | $ | 824,365 | $ | 73,731 | $ | 681,479 | $ | (644,866 | ) | $ | 934,960 | ||||||||||||||
Net income | | | | | 91,841 | | 91,841 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized gain/reclassification on assets AFS | | | | 30,648 | | | 30,648 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized loss/reclassification on interest rate agreements | | | | (9,599 | ) | | | (9,599 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividend reinvestment & stock purchase plans | 862,733 | 9 | 38,563 | | | | 38,572 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Employee option & stock purchase plan | 60,524 | 1 | 663 | | | | 664 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-cash equity award compensation | (2,866 | ) | | 11,256 | | | | 11,256 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividends declared | | | | | | (55,681 | ) | (55,681 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2006 | 26,053,016 | $ | 261 | $ | 874,847 | $ | 94,780 | $ | 773,320 | $ | (700,547 | ) | $ | 1,042,661 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
5
(In Thousands) (Unaudited) |
Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Cash Flows From Operating Activities: |
||||||||
Net (loss) income | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | |||
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||
Amortization of premiums, discounts, and debt issuance costs | (48,418 | ) | (48,611 | ) | ||||
Depreciation and amortization of non-financial assets | 1,334 | 836 | ||||||
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 7,836 | (1,865 | ) | |||||
Non-cash equity award compensation | 11,374 | 11,256 | ||||||
Net recognized losses (gains) and valuation adjustments | 136,752 | (4,556 | ) | |||||
Purchases of other real estate investments trading | (40,818 | ) | | |||||
Purchases of non-real estate investments trading | (80,000 | ) | | |||||
Principal payments on other real estate investments trading | 11,345 | | ||||||
Net change in: |
||||||||
Accrued interest receivable | 20,296 | 9,165 | ||||||
Deferred income taxes | (716 | ) | 212 | |||||
Other assets | 9,052 | (80 | ) | |||||
Accrued interest payable | 12,587 | 10,277 | ||||||
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 12,635 | (10,622 | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | 22,067 | 57,853 | ||||||
Cash Flows From Investing Activities: |
||||||||
Purchases of real estate loans held-for-investment | (1,173,029 | ) | (1,291,989 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from sales of real estate loans held-for-investment | 15,454 | 8,408 | ||||||
Principal payments on real estate loans held-for-investment | 2,797,271 | 5,303,962 | ||||||
Purchases of real estate securities available-for-sale | (1,173,627 | ) | (818,219 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from sales of real estate securities available-for-sale | 353,506 | 241,624 | ||||||
Proceeds from sales of other real estate investments trading | 2,237 | | ||||||
Principal payments on real estate securities available-for-sale | 256,521 | 161,790 | ||||||
Net increase in restricted cash | (24,895 | ) | (67,020 | ) | ||||
Net cash provided by investing activities | 1,053,438 | 3,538,556 | ||||||
Cash Flows From Financing Activities: |
||||||||
Net (repayments) borrowings on Redwood debt | (1,816,830 | ) | 340,287 | |||||
Proceeds from issuance of asset-backed securities | 4,217,357 | 1,460,572 | ||||||
Deferred asset-backed security issuance costs | (22,339 | ) | (10,591 | ) | ||||
Repayments on asset-backed securities | (3,352,784 | ) | (5,431,649 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes | 50,000 | | ||||||
Net purchases of interest rate agreements | (5,814 | ) | (2,186 | ) | ||||
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | 59,579 | 39,236 | ||||||
Dividends paid | (63,146 | ) | (55,037 | ) | ||||
Net cash used in financing activities | (933,977 | ) | (3,659,368 | ) | ||||
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 141,528 | (62,959 | ) | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 168,016 | 175,885 | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 309,544 | $ | 112,926 | ||||
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: |
||||||||
Cash paid for interest | $ | 486,496 | $ | 518,570 | ||||
Cash paid for taxes | $ | 10,580 | $ | 7,999 | ||||
Non-Cash Financing Activity: |
||||||||
Dividends declared but not paid | $ | 20,989 | $ | 18,237 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6
Redwood Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (Redwood, we, or us), invests in, finances, and manages real estate assets. We invest in residential and commercial real estate loans and in asset-backed securities backed by real estate loans. Our primary focus is credit-enhancing residential and commercial real estate loans. We credit-enhance loans by acquiring and managing the first-loss and other credit-sensitive securities that bear the bulk of the credit risk of securitized loans.
We seek to invest in assets that have the potential to generate high long-term cash flow returns to help support our goal of distributing an attractive level of dividends per share to shareholders over time. For tax purposes, we are structured as a real estate investment trust (REIT).
Redwood was incorporated in the State of Maryland on April 11, 1994, and commenced operations on August 19, 1994. Our executive offices are located at One Belvedere Place, Suite 300, Mill Valley, California 94941.
The consolidated financial statements presented herein are at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. The accompanying consolidated financial statements are unaudited. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and, in our opinion, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. These consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006. The results for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 are not necessarily indicative of the expected results for the year ended December 31, 2007. Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to the September 30, 2007 presentation.
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Redwood Trust, Inc. (Redwood Trust) and its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, Redwood). All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. A number of Redwood Trusts subsidiaries are qualifying REIT subsidiaries and the remainder are taxable subsidiaries. References to the Redwood REIT mean Redwood Trust and its qualifying REIT subsidiaries, excluding taxable subsidiaries.
We currently operate two securitization programs. Our Sequoia program is used for the securitization of residential mortgage loans. References to Sequoia refer collectively to all the Sequoia securitization entities. Our Acacia program involves the resecuritization of mortgage-backed securities and other types of financial assets through the issuance of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). References to Acacia refer collectively to all of the Acacia CDO issuing entities.
Under the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140, Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities (FAS 140), we treat the securitizations we sponsor as financings, as under these provisions we have retained effective control over these loans and securities. Control is maintained through our active management of the assets in the securitization entities, our retained asset transfer discretion, our ability to direct certain servicing decisions, or a combination of the foregoing. Accordingly, the underlying loans and securities owned by these securitization entities are shown on our consolidated balance sheets under real estate loans, real estate securities, and the asset-back securities (ABS) issued to third parties are shown on our consolidated balance sheets under ABS issued. In our consolidated statements of income (loss), we record interest income on the loans and securities and interest expense on the ABS issued. Any Sequoia ABS acquired by Redwood or Acacia from Sequoia entities and any Acacia ABS acquired by Redwood for its own portfolio are eliminated in consolidation and thus are not
7
shown separately on our consolidated balance sheets and the associated income and expense are not shown separately on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America (GAAP) requires us to make a significant number of estimates. These include fair market value of certain assets, amount and timing of credit losses, prepayment assumptions, and other items that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of certain revenues and expenses during the reported period. It is likely that changes in these estimates (e.g., market values due to changes in supply and demand, credit performance, prepayments, interest rates, or other reasons; yields due to changes in credit outlook and loan prepayments) will occur in the near term. Our estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from our estimates and the differences may be material.
Real estate loans include residential and commercial real estate loans. Real estate loans held-for-investment are carried at their unpaid principal balances adjusted for net unamortized premiums or discounts and net of any allowance for credit losses.
Coupon interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible. We accrue interest on loans until they are more than 90 days past due at which point they are placed on nonaccrual status. Purchase discounts and premiums related to real estate loans are amortized into interest income over their estimated lives to generate an effective yield, considering the actual and future estimated prepayments of the loans pursuant to the provisions discussed below. Gains or losses on the sale of real estate loans are based on the specific identification method.
Pursuant to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Cost of Leases (FAS 91), we use the interest method to determine an effective yield and amortize the premium or discount on loans. For loans acquired prior to July 1, 2004, we use coupon interest rates as they change over time and anticipated principal payments to determine an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount. For loans acquired after July 1, 2004, we use the initial coupon interest rate of the loans (without regard to future changes in the underlying indices) and anticipated principal payments to calculate an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount.
We may exercise our right to call ABS issued by entities sponsored by us and may subsequently sell the underlying loans to third parties. For balance sheet purposes, we reclassify held-for-investment loans to held-for-sale loans once we determine which loans will be sold to third parties. In our consolidated statements of cash flows, sales of loans are reported as sales of loans held-for-investment as the acquisition of loans were reported as purchases of loans held-for-investment.
Residential and commercial real estate loans that we are marketing for sale are classified as real estate loans held-for-sale. These are carried at the lower of cost or fair market value on a loan-by-loan basis. Any market valuation adjustments on these loans are recognized in valuation adjustments, net in our consolidated statements of income (loss).
For consolidated real estate loans held-for-investment, we establish and maintain credit reserves based on estimates of credit losses inherent in these loan portfolios as of the reporting date. To calculate the credit
8
reserve, we assess inherent losses by determining loss factors (defaults, the timing of defaults, and loss severities upon defaults) that can be specifically applied to each of the consolidated loans, loan pools, or individual loans. See Note 8 for a discussion of the reserves for credit losses.
We follow the guidelines of Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 102, Selected Loan Loss Allowance Methodology and Documentation (SAB 102), Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies (FAS 5), Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 114, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan (FAS 114), and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 118, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan-Income Recognition and Disclosures (FAS 118) in setting credit reserves for our real estate loans.
The following factors are considered and applied in such determinations:
| Ongoing analyses of loans, including, but not limited to, the age of loans, underwriting standards, business climate, economic conditions, geographical considerations, and other observable data; |
| Historical loss rates and past performance of similar loans; |
| Relevant environmental factors; |
| Relevant market research and publicly available third-party reference loss rates; |
| Trends in delinquencies and charge-offs; |
| Effects and changes in credit concentrations; |
| Information supporting the borrowers ability to meet obligations; |
| Ongoing evaluations of fair market values of collateral using current appraisals and other valuations; and |
| Discounted cash flow analyses. |
Once we determine applicable default amounts, the timing of the defaults, and severity of losses upon the defaults, we estimate expected losses for each pool of loans over its expected life. We then estimate the timing of these losses and the losses probable to occur over an effective loss confirmation period. This period is defined as the range of time between the probable occurrence of a credit loss (such as the initial deterioration of the borrowers financial condition) and the confirmation of that loss (the actual impairment or charge-off of the loan). The losses expected to occur within the estimated loss confirmation period are the basis of our credit reserves because we believe those losses exist as of the reported date of the financial statements. We re-evaluate the level of our credit reserves on at least a quarterly basis, and we record provision, charge-offs, and recoveries monthly.
We do not maintain a loan repurchase reserve, as any risk of loss due to loan repurchases (i.e., due to breach of representations) would normally be covered by recourse to the companies from whom we acquired the loans.
Real estate securities include residential, commercial, and CDO securities. Real estate securities are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and are carried at their estimated fair market values. Cumulative unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of stockholders equity. Upon sale this accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is reclassified into earnings on the specific identification method.
9
Coupon interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible. Purchase discounts and premiums related to the securities are amortized into interest income over their estimated lives to generate an effective yield, considering the actual and future estimated prepayments of the securities pursuant to the provisions discussed below. Gains or losses on the sale of securities are based on the specific identification method.
When recognizing revenue on AFS securities, we employ the interest method to account for purchase premiums, discounts, and fees associated with these securities. For securities rated AAA or AA, we use the interest method as prescribed under FAS 91, while for securities rated A or lower we use the interest method as prescribed under the Emerging Issues Task Force of the Financial Accounting Standards Board 99-20, Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets (EITF 99-20). The use of these methods requires us to project cash flows over the remaining life of each asset. These projections include assumptions about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. We review and make adjustments to our cash flow projections on an ongoing basis and monitor these projections based on input and analyses received from external sources, internal models, and our own judgment and experience. Actual maturities of AFS securities are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. All of our stated maturities are greater than ten years. Actual maturities of the AFS securities are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgages, periodic payments of principal, and prepayments of principal. There can be no assurance that our assumptions used to estimate future cash flows or the current periods yield for each asset would not change in the near term, and the change could be material.
Yields recognized for GAAP for each security vary as a function of credit results, prepayment rates, and, for our securities with variable rate coupons, interest rates. If estimated future credit losses are less than our prior estimate, credit losses occur later than expected, or prepayment rates are faster than expected (meaning the present value of projected cash flows is greater than previously expected), the yield over the remaining life of the security may be adjusted upwards. If estimated future credit losses exceed our prior expectations, credit losses occur more quickly than expected, or prepayments occur more slowly than expected (meaning the present value of projected cash flows is less than previously expected), the yield over the remaining life of the security may be adjusted downward or we may have an other-than-temporary impairment.
For determining other-than-temporary impairment on our real estate securities, we use the guidelines prescribed under EITF 99-20, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (FAS 115), and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 5(m), Other-Than-Temporary Impairment for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (SAB 5(m)). Any other-than-temporary impairments are reported under market valuation adjustments, net in our consolidated statements of income (loss). For real estate securities subject to EITF 03-1, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application to Certain Investments (EITF 03-1), we assess whether a drop in fair market value below the cost of the real estate security should be deemed as other-than-temporary impairment. If we have the ability and intent to hold a real estate security for a reasonable period of time sufficient for a forecasted recovery of fair market value up to (or beyond) the cost of the investment, we do not deem that unrealized loss an other-than-temporary impairment.
In the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements, we disclose information on our real estate securities portfolio based on the underlying residential, commercial, and CDO assets. We also provide a further breakdown of these securities by investment-grade securities (IGS, those rated BBB to AAA) and credit-enhancement securities (CES, those rated non-rated to BB, also referred to as first-loss, second-loss, and third-loss securities) based on their current credit rating as of the consolidated balance sheet.
10
Other real estate investments include interest-only certificates (IOs), net interest margin securities (NIMs), and residual securities (residuals). At the conclusion of the first quarter of 2007, we classified these investments as trading securities. With the adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 155, Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Investments, (FAS 155), IOs, NIMs, and residuals may contain embedded derivatives which would require bifurcation and separate valuation through the income statement. We have elected to treat these investments as trading securities under FAS 115 rather than bifurcate the embedded derivative component. Trading securities are reported on our consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair market values with changes in fair market values reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments.
Total income recognized in current period earnings on these investments equals coupon interest earned plus the change in fair market value. Interest income is equal to the instruments yield based on market expectations.
Non-real estate investments represents a guaranteed investment contract (GIC) entered into by an Acacia securitization entity that we consolidate for financial statements purposes. We have classified this investment as a trading security that is recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair market value. Management considers the GICs fair market value to approximate contract value, as the interest rate is variable at LIBOR minus a spread and resets on a monthly basis. Changes in fair market value are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments. See Note 6 for further discussion of our non-real estate investments.
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
All derivative financial instruments are reported at fair market value on our consolidated balance sheets. Those with a positive value to us are reported as an asset and those with a negative value to us are reported as a liability. Whether changes in the fair market value of these instruments are reported through our income statement depends on the type of derivative and the accounting treatment chosen.
We currently enter into interest rate agreements to help manage some of our interest rate risks. We report our interest rate agreements at fair market value. We may elect hedge accounting treatment under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 133), or we may account for these as trading instruments. Net purchases and proceeds from interest rate agreements are classified within cash flows as financing activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows together with the items the interest rate agreements hedge.
We designate an interest rate agreement as (1) a hedge of the fair market value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge), or (3) held for trading (trading instrument).
In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair market value of the hedging derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedging relationship is terminated. The ineffective portion of the cash flow hedge is
11
recognized immediately in earnings. We use the dollar-offset method to determine the amount of ineffectiveness, and we anticipate having some ineffectiveness in our hedging program, as not all terms of our hedges and not all terms of our hedged items match perfectly.
We will discontinue hedge accounting when (1) we determine that the derivative is no longer expected to be effective in offsetting changes in the fair market value or cash flows of the designated hedged item; (2) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (3) the derivative is de-designated as a fair value or cash flow hedge; or (4) it is probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur by the end of the originally specified time period.
As of each period end, we may also have outstanding commitments to purchase real estate loans. These commitments are accounted for as derivatives under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 149, Amendment of Statement 133 on Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 149), when applicable. These are classified as trading instruments and changes in fair market value of the purchase commitments are recorded through valuation adjustments in the consolidated statements of income (loss).
Beginning in the first quarter of 2007, we entered into credit default swap agreements. A credit default swap is an agreement to provide (receive) credit event protection based on a financial index or specific security in exchange for receiving (paying) a fixed rate fee or premium over the term of the contract. Under FAS 133, credit default swaps are accounted for as trading instruments.
See Note 7 for a further discussion of our derivative financial instruments.
Restricted cash includes principal and interest payments from real estate loans and securities owned by consolidated securitization entities that are collateral for, or payable to, owners of ABS issued by those entities and cash pledged as collateral on interest rate agreements. Restricted cash may also include cash retained in Acacia or Sequoia securitization trusts prior to purchase of real estate loans and securities or the redemption of outstanding ABS issued.
Accrued interest receivable represents interest that is due and payable to us. This is generally received within the next month.
Income recognition for GAAP and tax differ in material respects. As a result, we may recognize taxable income in periods prior to recognizing the income for GAAP. When this occurs, we pay the tax liability and establish a deferred tax asset for GAAP. When the income is then realized under GAAP in future periods, the deferred tax asset is recognized as an expense. Our deferred tax assets are generated by differences in GAAP and tax income at our taxable subsidiaries.
ABS issuance costs are costs associated with the issuance of ABS from securitization entities we sponsor. These costs typically include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting, and other fees. Deferred ABS issuance costs are reported on our consolidated balance sheets as deferred charges and are amortized as an adjustment to consolidated interest expense using the interest method based on the actual and estimated repayment schedules of the related ABS issued under the principles prescribed in Accounting Practice Bulletin 21, Interest on Receivables and Payables (APB 21).
12
Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets include real estate owned (REO), fixed assets, purchased interest, principal receivable, and other prepaid expenses. REO is reported at the lower of cost or fair market value.
Redwood debt is currently all short-term debt collateralized by loans and securities. We report this debt at its unpaid principal balance.
The majority of the liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheets represent ABS issued by bankruptcy-remote securitization entities sponsored by Redwood. These ABS issued are carried at their unpaid principal balances net of any unamortized discount or premium. Our exposure to loss from consolidated securitization entities (such as Sequoia and Acacia) is limited (except, in some circumstances, for limited loan repurchase obligations) to our net investment in securities we have acquired from these entities. Sequoia and Acacia assets are held in the custody of trustees. Trustees collect principal and interest payments (less servicing and related fees) from the assets and make corresponding principal and interest payments to the ABS investors. ABS obligations are payable solely from the assets of these entities and are non-recourse to Redwood.
Subordinated notes includes trust preferred securities and subordinated notes. Both are unsecured debt, requiring quarterly interest payments at a floating rate equal to LIBOR plus a spread until they are redeemed in whole, or mature at a future date. These notes contain an earlier optional redemption date without penalty.
Basic earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares and potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares outstanding are calculated using the treasury stock method, which assumes that all dilutive common stock equivalents are exercised and the funds generated by the exercises are used to buy back outstanding common stock at the average market price of the common stock during the reporting period. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 128, Earnings per Share (FAS 128), if there is a loss from continuing operations, the common stock equivalents are deemed antidilutive and diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated in the same manner as basic earnings (loss) per share.
The following table provides reconciliation of denominators of the basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share computations.
13
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Denominators: |
||||||||||||||||
Denominator for basic earnings (loss) per share is equal to the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period | 27,892,199 | 25,869,743 | 27,388,185 | 25,525,054 | ||||||||||||
Adjustments for diluted earnings (loss) per share are: |
||||||||||||||||
Net effect of dilutive stock options | | 754,789 | | 606,946 | ||||||||||||
Denominator for diluted earnings (loss) per share | 27,892,199 | 26,624,532 | 27,388,185 | 26,132,000 | ||||||||||||
Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.25 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.60 | ||||||
Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.22 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.51 |
Pursuant to EITF 03-6, Participating Securities and the Two Class Method under FASB No. 128 (EITF 03-6), we determined that there was no allocation of income for our outstanding stock options as they were antidilutive for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. There were no other participating securities, as defined by EITF 03-6, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. For the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, the number of outstanding stock options that were antidilutive totaled 1,159,298 and 369,343 respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, the number of outstanding stock options that were antidilutive totaled 1,186,999, and 384,399 respectively.
Current period net unrealized gains and losses on real estate securities available-for-sale, and interest rate agreements classified as cash flow hedges are reported as components of other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Net unrealized gains and losses on securities and interest rate agreements held by our taxable subsidiaries that are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) are adjusted for the effects of tax and may create deferred tax assets or liabilities.
As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, we had one stock-based employee compensation plan and one employee stock purchase plan. These plans, and associated stock options and other equity awards, are described more fully in Note 16.
We adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123R, Share-Based Payment (FAS 123R), on January 1, 2006. With the adoption of FAS 123R, the grant date fair market value of all remaining unvested stock compensation awards (stock options, deferred stock units, and restricted stock) are expensed on the consolidated statements of income (loss) over the remaining vesting period.
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model was used in determining fair market values of option grants accounted for under FAS 123R. The model requires the use of inputs such as strike price, and assumptions such as expected life, risk free rate of return, and stock price volatility. Options are generally granted over the course of the calendar year. The stock price volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. Certain options have dividend equivalent rights (DERs) and, accordingly, the assumed dividend yield was zero for these options. Other options granted have no DERs and the assumed dividend yield was 10%.
14
The following table describes the weighted average of assumptions used for calculating the value of options granted for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. There were no options granted during the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Stock price volatility | 25.52 | % | 25.70 | % | ||||
Risk free rate of return (5 yr Treasury Rate) | 4.58 | % | 4.75 | % | ||||
Average life | 6 years | 5 years | ||||||
Dividend yield | 10.00 | % | 10.00 | % |
We acquire residential real estate loans from third party originators. A portion of these loans are sold to securitization entities sponsored by us under our Sequoia program which, in turn, issue ABS. The remainder of the loans we invest in are held and financed with Redwood debt and equity. At September 30, 2007, we had $6.6 million (of outstanding principal) of residential loans in held-for-sale, with a lower of cost or fair market value of $6.0 million, (carrying value) as we are actively marketing these loans for sale.
The following tables summarize the carrying value of the residential and commercial real estate loans, as reported on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Residential real estate loans held-for-sale | $ | 6,048 | $ | | ||||
Residential real estate loans held-for-investment | 7,624,222 | 9,323,935 | ||||||
Total residential real estate loans | 7,630,270 | 9,323,935 | ||||||
Commercial real estate loans held-for-investment | 25,765 | 28,172 | ||||||
Total real estate loans | $ | 7,656,035 | $ | 9,352,107 |
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential Real Estate Loans |
Commercial Real Estate Loans |
Total | |||||||||
Current face | $ | 7,546,529 | $ | 38,224 | $ | 7,584,753 | ||||||
Unamortized premium (discount) | 92,888 | (1,970 | ) | 90,918 | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | | (8,141 | ) | (8,141 | ) | |||||||
Amortized cost | 7,639,417 | 28,113 | 7,667,530 | |||||||||
Reserve for credit losses | (15,195 | ) | (2,348 | ) | (17,543 | ) | ||||||
Carrying value | $ | 7,624,222 | $ | 25,765 | $ | 7,649,987 |
15
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential Real Estate Loans |
Commercial Real Estate Loans |
Total | |||||||||
Current face | $ | 9,212,002 | $ | 38,360 | $ | 9,250,362 | ||||||
Unamortized premium (discount) | 132,052 | (2,047 | ) | 130,005 | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | | (8,141 | ) | (8,141 | ) | |||||||
Amortized cost | 9,344,054 | 28,172 | 9,372,226 | |||||||||
Reserve for credit losses | (20,119 | ) | | (20,119 | ) | |||||||
Carrying value | $ | 9,323,935 | $ | 28,172 | $ | 9,352,107 |
Of the $7.5 billion of face and $92.9 million of unamortized premium on our residential real estate loans at September 30, 2007, $2.7 billion of face and $70.4 million of unamortized premium relates to residential loans acquired prior to July 1, 2004. At December 31, 2006, the residential loans acquired prior to July 1, 2004 had face and unamortized premium balances of $5.2 billion and $104.3 million, respectively. For these residential loans, we use coupon interest rates as they change over time and anticipated principal payments to determine an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount. During the first nine months of 2007, 46% of these residential loans prepaid and we amortized 32% of the premium. For residential loans acquired after July 1, 2004, the face and unamortized premium was $4.8 billion and $22.5 million at September 30, 2007, respectively, and $4.0 billion and $27.7 million at December 31, 2006, respectively. For these residential loans, we use the initial coupon interest rate of the loans (without regard to future changes in the underlying indices) and anticipated principal payments to calculate an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount.
Residential real estate loans are either sold to securitization entities sponsored by us under our Sequoia program which, in turn, issue ABS or are held and financed with Redwood debt.
The table below presents information regarding real estate loans pledged and unpledged under our borrowing agreements.
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Face Value | Carrying Value | Face Value | Carrying Value |
||||||||||||
Unpledged | $ | 17,772 | $ | 6,340 | $ | 120,578 | $ | 111,231 | ||||||||
Pledged for Redwood debt: |
||||||||||||||||
Repurchase (repo) agreements | | | 978,713 | 982,629 | ||||||||||||
Commercial paper | | | 301,827 | 302,615 | ||||||||||||
Owned by securitization entities, financed through the issuance of ABS | 7,573,608 | 7,649,695 | 7,849,244 | 7,955,632 | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 7,591,380 | $ | 7,656,035 | $ | 9,250,362 | $ | 9,352,107 |
Unpledged real estate loans at September 30, 2007 consist mainly of all our held-for-sale residential loans and one commercial loan with a face value of $10.6 million and a carrying value of zero.
16
The real estate securities shown on our consolidated balance sheets include residential, commercial, and CDO securities acquired from securitizations sponsored by others.
The table below presents the carrying value (which equals fair market value as these are available-for-sale securities (AFS)) of our securities that are included in our consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, by type of securities, and by credit rating of investment-grade (IGS) and below investment-grade (CES).
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
CES | IGS | Total AFS Securities |
|||||||||
Residential securities: |
||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 408,632 | $ | 673,467 | $ | 1,082,099 | ||||||
Alt-a | 110,830 | 703,739 | 814,569 | |||||||||
Subprime | 12,983 | 325,027 | 338,010 | |||||||||
Total residential securities | 532,445 | 1,702,233 | 2,234,678 | |||||||||
Commercial securities | 395,401 | 104,396 | 499,797 | |||||||||
CDO securities | 16,758 | 175,155 | 191,913 | |||||||||
Total securities | $ | 944,604 | $ | 1,981,784 | $ | 2,926,388 |
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
CES | IGS | Total AFS Securities |
|||||||||
Residential securities: |
||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 555,369 | $ | 723,247 | $ | 1,278,616 | ||||||
Alt-a | 156,859 | 455,550 | 612,409 | |||||||||
Subprime | 9,303 | 518,453 | 527,756 | |||||||||
Total residential securities | 721,531 | 1,697,250 | 2,418,781 | |||||||||
Commercial securities | 448,060 | 119,613 | 567,673 | |||||||||
CDO securities | 21,964 | 224,349 | 246,313 | |||||||||
Total securities | $ | 1,191,555 | $ | 2,041,212 | $ | 3,232,767 |
17
The table below presents the components comprising the carrying value of available-for-sale IGS reported on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total IGS | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 2,186,258 | $ | 120,097 | $ | 258,183 | $ | 2,564,538 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (40,139 | ) | (3,054 | ) | 1,264 | (41,929 | ) | |||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | (42,806 | ) | | (14,966 | ) | (57,772 | ) | |||||||||
Amortized cost | 2,103,313 | 117,043 | 244,481 | 2,464,837 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 3,745 | 113 | 40 | 3,898 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (404,825 | ) | (12,760 | ) | (69,366 | ) | (486,951 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 1,702,233 | $ | 104,396 | $ | 175,155 | $ | 1,981,784 |
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total IGS | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 1,708,607 | $ | 122,869 | $ | 222,413 | $ | 2,053,889 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (16,382 | ) | (3,367 | ) | (238 | ) | (19,987 | ) | ||||||||
Amortized cost | 1,692,225 | 119,502 | 222,175 | 2,033,902 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 14,622 | 980 | 2,638 | 18,240 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (9,597 | ) | (869 | ) | (464 | ) | (10,930 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 1,697,250 | $ | 119,613 | $ | 224,349 | $ | 2,041,212 |
The following table presents the aggregate changes in our amortized discount and the portion of the discount designated as credit reserve for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007. We did not have any designated credit reserves on any securities in this portfolio prior to this quarter.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 32,187 | $ | 3,103 | $ | 7,096 | $ | 42,386 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (1,900 | ) | (60 | ) | (60 | ) | (2,020 | ) | ||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (677 | ) | | 1 | (676 | ) | ||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 4,280 | | (6,217 | ) | (1,937 | ) | ||||||||||
Downgrades to credit-enhancement securities | (1,913 | ) | | (2,084 | ) | (3,997 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount | 8,162 | 11 | | 8,173 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 40,139 | $ | 3,054 | $ | (1,264 | ) | $ | 41,929 | |||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | | | | | ||||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | | | | | ||||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 47,086 | | 8,749 | 55,835 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (4,280 | ) | | 6,217 | 1,937 | |||||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | | | | | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 42,806 | $ | | $ | 14,966 | $ | 57,772 |
18
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 16,382 | $ | 3,367 | $ | 238 | $ | 19,987 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (5,670 | ) | (196 | ) | (123 | ) | (5,989 | ) | ||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (5,704 | ) | (4 | ) | 116 | (5,592 | ) | |||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 8,518 | | | 8,518 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades to credit-enhancement securities | (1,913 | ) | (160 | ) | (2,199 | ) | (4,272 | ) | ||||||||
Purchased discount | 28,526 | 47 | 704 | 29,277 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 40,139 | $ | 3,054 | $ | (1,264 | ) | $ | 41,929 | |||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | | | | | ||||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | | | | | ||||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 51,324 | | 14,966 | 66,290 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (8,518 | ) | | | (8,518 | ) | ||||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | | | | | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 42,806 | $ | | $ | 14,966 | $ | 57,772 |
The table below presents the components comprising the carrying value of available-for-sale CES reported on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total CES | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 1,269,576 | $ | 880,715 | $ | 36,440 | $ | 2,186,731 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (127,079 | ) | (95,968 | ) | (9,855 | ) | (232,902 | ) | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | (450,839 | ) | (310,498 | ) | (3,827 | ) | (765,164 | ) | ||||||||
Amortized cost | 691,658 | 474,249 | 22,758 | 1,188,665 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 34,749 | 8,503 | 984 | 44,236 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (193,962 | ) | (87,351 | ) | (6,984 | ) | (288,297 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 532,445 | $ | 395,401 | $ | 16,758 | $ | 944,604 |
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total CES | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 1,180,605 | $ | 793,743 | $ | 28,731 | $ | 2,003,079 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (144,842 | ) | (71,424 | ) | (6,889 | ) | (223,155 | ) | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | (372,247 | ) | (295,340 | ) | | (667,587 | ) | |||||||||
Amortized cost | 663,516 | 426,979 | 21,842 | 1,112,337 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 71,134 | 23,235 | 516 | 94,885 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (13,119 | ) | (2,154 | ) | (394 | ) | (15,667 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 721,531 | $ | 448,060 | $ | 21,964 | $ | 1,191,555 |
19
At September 30, 2007, our residential CES provided credit-enhancement on $212 billion of residential real estate loans and our commercial CES provided credit-enhancement on $65 billion of commercial real estate loans. At December 31, 2006, our residential CES provided credit-enhancement on $210 billion of residential real estate loans and our commercial CES provided credit-enhancement on $58 billion of commercial real estate loans.
The loans underlying all of our residential CES totaled $212 billion at September 30, 2007, and consist of $186 billion prime, $21 billion alt-a, and $5 billion subprime. These loans are located nationwide with a large concentration in California (46%). During the first three quarters of 2007, net realized residential credit losses were $15.6 million of principal value, a rate that equals one basis point (0.01%) on an annualized basis of the balance of the loans. Serious delinquencies (90+ days, in foreclosure, in bankruptcy or REO) at September 30, 2007 were 1.03% of current balance and 0.57% of original balance. For loans in prime pools, delinquencies were 0.45% of current balance and 0.25% of original balance. Alt-a pools had delinquencies of 3.10% of current balance and 1.60% of original balance. Subprime pools had delinquencies of 13.76% of current balance and 10.00% of original balance.
The amount of designated credit reserve equals the estimate of credit losses within the underlying loan pool on the CES that we expect to incur over the life of the loans. This estimate is determined based upon various factors affecting these assets, including economic conditions, characteristics of the underlying loans, delinquency status, past performance of similar loans, and external credit reserves. We use a variety of internal and external credit risk cash flow modeling and portfolio analytical tools to assist in our assessments. We review our assessments on each individual underlying loan pool and determine the appropriate level of credit reserve required for each security we own at least quarterly. The designated credit reserve is specific to each security.
The following table presents the aggregate changes in our unamortized discount and the portion of the discount designated as credit reserve for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 125,948 | $ | 95,346 | $ | 9,955 | $ | 231,249 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (18,431 | ) | (65 | ) | | (18,496 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (1,996 | ) | | (2,184 | ) | (4,180 | ) | |||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 17,972 | 687 | | 18,659 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades from investment-grade securities | 1,913 | | 2,084 | 3,997 | ||||||||||||
Purchased discount | 1,673 | | | 1,673 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 127,079 | $ | 95,968 | $ | 9,855 | $ | 232,902 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 453,076 | $ | 310,745 | $ | | $ | 763,821 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (6,143 | ) | (272 | ) | | (6,415 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (1,209 | ) | | | (1,209 | ) | ||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 22,521 | 712 | 3,827 | 27,060 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (17,972 | ) | (687 | ) | | (18,659 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 566 | | | 566 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 450,839 | $ | 310,498 | $ | 3,827 | $ | 765,164 |
20
Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 116,702 | $ | 28,184 | $ | 7,978 | $ | 152,864 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (15,901 | ) | 448 | | (15,453 | ) | ||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (2,981 | ) | (3,871 | ) | (593 | ) | (7,445 | ) | ||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 31,534 | 1,271 | | 32,805 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades from investment-grade securities | | | | | ||||||||||||
Purchased discount | 9,809 | 22,217 | | 32,026 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 139,163 | $ | 48,249 | $ | 7,385 | $ | 194,797 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 425,578 | $ | 192,134 | $ | | $ | 617,712 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (2,004 | ) | (472 | ) | | (2,476 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (36,355 | ) | | | (36,355 | ) | ||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (31,534 | ) | (1,271 | ) | | (32,805 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 28,711 | 67,991 | | 96,702 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 384,396 | $ | 258,382 | $ | | $ | 642,778 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 144,842 | $ | 71,424 | $ | 6,889 | $ | 223,155 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (58,388 | ) | (256 | ) | | (58,644 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | 521 | (42 | ) | (2,079 | ) | (1,600 | ) | |||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 31,265 | 10,975 | | 42,240 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades from investment-grade securities | 1,913 | 160 | 2,199 | 4,272 | ||||||||||||
Purchased discount | 6,926 | 13,707 | 2,846 | 23,479 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 127,079 | $ | 95,968 | $ | 9,855 | $ | 232,902 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 372,247 | $ | 295,340 | $ | | $ | 667,587 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (15,596 | ) | (1,543 | ) | | (17,139 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (4,883 | ) | | | (4,883 | ) | ||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 35,305 | 1,520 | 3,827 | 40,652 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (31,265 | ) | (10,975 | ) | | (42,240 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 95,031 | 26,156 | | 121,187 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 450,839 | $ | 310,498 | $ | 3,827 | $ | 765,164 |
21
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 121,824 | $ | 28,993 | $ | 8,004 | $ | 158,821 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (39,977 | ) | 1,269 | 44 | (38,664 | ) | ||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (3,036 | ) | (2,663 | ) | (663 | ) | (6,362 | ) | ||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 54,184 | (4,042 | ) | | 50,142 | |||||||||||
Upgrades to investment-grade securities | (6,249 | ) | | | (6,249 | ) | ||||||||||
Purchased discount | 12,417 | 24,692 | | 37,109 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 139,163 | $ | 48,249 | $ | 7,385 | $ | 194,797 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 354,610 | $ | 141,806 | $ | | $ | 496,416 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (5,623 | ) | (336 | ) | | (5,959 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (41,258 | ) | | | (41,258 | ) | ||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (54,185 | ) | 4,042 | | (50,143 | ) | ||||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 130,852 | 112,870 | | 243,722 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 384,396 | $ | 258,382 | $ | | $ | 642,778 |
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, we recognized other-than-temporary impairments of $82.9 million and $104.5 million, respectively, through market valuation adjustments in our consolidated statements of income (loss). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, we recognized other-than-temporary impairments of $0.5 million and $6.0 million, respectively.
The table below presents the gross realized gains and losses on securities and the realized gains on calls for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Gross realized gains on sales of securities | $ | 3,221 | $ | 5,590 | $ | 6,636 | $ | 10,040 | ||||||||
Gross realized losses on sales of securities | (3,050 | ) | (623 | ) | (5,787 | ) | (1,973 | ) | ||||||||
Gains on calls of securities | 3,284 | 723 | 5,437 | 1,470 | ||||||||||||
Total realized gains on sales and calls | $ | 3,455 | $ | 5,690 | $ | 6,286 | $ | 9,537 |
Gross unrealized gains and losses represent the difference between the net amortized cost and the fair market value of individual securities. Gross unrealized losses represent a decline in fair market value for securities not deemed impaired under GAAP.
The following tables show the gross unrealized losses, fair market values, and length of time that any real estate securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006. These unrealized losses are not considered to be other-than-temporary impairments because these losses are not due to adverse changes in cash flows and we have the intent and ability to hold these securities for a period sufficient for these securities to potentially recover their values.
22
Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Fair MarketValue | Unrealized Losses | Fair Market Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Market Value | Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 1,627,431 | $ | (539,169 | ) | $ | 304,429 | $ | (59,618 | ) | $ | 1,931,860 | $ | (598,787 | ) | |||||||||
Commercial | 354,456 | (85,120 | ) | 81,716 | (14,991 | ) | 436,172 | (100,111 | ) | |||||||||||||||
CDO | 166,405 | (68,990 | ) | 10,766 | (7,360 | ) | 177,171 | (76,350 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Total securities | $ | 2,148,292 | $ | (693,279 | ) | $ | 396,911 | $ | (81,969 | ) | $ | 2,545,203 | $ | (775,248 | ) |
Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Fair Market Value |
Unrealized Losses |
Fair Market Value |
Unrealized Losses |
Fair Market Value | Unrealized Losses |
||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 495,242 | $ | (9,938 | ) | $ | 385,170 | $ | (12,778 | ) | $ | 880,412 | $ | (22,716 | ) | |||||||||
Commercial | 111,603 | (1,055 | ) | 85,010 | (1,968 | ) | 196,613 | (3,023 | ) | |||||||||||||||
CDO | 29,378 | (257 | ) | 29,543 | (601 | ) | 58,921 | (858 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Total securities | $ | 636,223 | $ | (11,250 | ) | $ | 499,723 | $ | (15,347 | ) | $ | 1,135,946 | $ | (26,597 | ) |
We fund the credit-sensitive securities we acquire with equity. We fund some of the securities we acquire on a temporary basis with short-term borrowings prior to the sale to the securitization entities we sponsor. We also acquire less credit-risk sensitive assets and finance these investments with a combination of Redwood debt and equity.
The table below presents information regarding our securities pledged under borrowing agreements and owned by securitization entities as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Unpledged | $ | 361,274 | $ | 463,891 | ||||
Pledged for Redwood debt | 44,215 | 593,070 | ||||||
Owned by securitization entities, financed through issuance of ABS | 2,520,899 | 2,175,806 | ||||||
Carrying value | $ | 2,926,388 | $ | 3,232,767 |
23
Other real estate investments shown on our consolidated balance sheets include IOs, NIMs, and residuals. We have elected to classify these investments as trading investments under GAAP. These assets are carried at fair market value on our consolidated balance sheet and changes in fair market value flow through market valuation adjustments, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
The table below presents the carrying value (which equals fair market value as these are classified as trading instruments) of these investments as of September 30, 2007. We did not have any assets classified as other real estate investments at December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Prime | Alt-a | Subprime | Total | ||||||||||||
Residential |
||||||||||||||||
IOs | $ | 1,676 | $ | 285 | $ | | $ | 1,961 | ||||||||
NIMs | | 9,170 | 6,450 | 15,620 | ||||||||||||
Residuals | | 6,848 | 871 | 7,719 | ||||||||||||
Total other real estate investments | $ | 1,676 | $ | 16,303 | $ | 7,321 | $ | 25,300 |
The fair market value of our other real estate investments declined $2.8 million and $14.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively. As of September 30, 2007, $1.2 million of other real estate investments were owned by securitization entities and financed through the issuance of ABS and the remaining $24.1 million were funded with equity.
Non-real estate investments represents an $80 million guaranteed investment contract (GIC) entered into during the second quarter of 2007 by an Acacia securitization entity that we consolidate for financial statements purposes.
This GIC represents a deposit certificate issued by a rated investment bank. This GIC serves as the collateral to cover potential losses on a credit default swap (CDS) also entered into by this same Acacia entity. The CDS references BBB and A rated residential mortgage-backed securities issued in 2006. In the event that any of these referenced securities incurs a credit loss, the GIC can then be drawn upon by the CDS counterparty to cover the amount of such loss. We have classified this investment as a trading security that is recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair market value. Management currently considers the GICs fair market value to approximate contract value, as the interest rate is variable at LIBOR less 5 basis points and resets on a monthly basis. Changes in fair market value are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments.
The carrying and fair market value was $80 million of this investment as of September 30, 2007. We did not have any assets classified as non-real estate investments in prior periods.
We report our derivative financial instruments at fair market value as determined using third-party models and confirmed by Wall Street dealers. As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, the net fair market value of derivative financial instruments was negative $8.7 million and positive $20.6 million, respectively.
24
The following table shows the aggregate fair market value and notional amount of our derivative financial instruments as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Fair Market Value | Notional Amount | Fair Market Value | Notional Amount | ||||||||||||
Trading Instruments |
||||||||||||||||
Interest rate caps purchased | $ | 4,463 | $ | 706,400 | $ | 1,114 | $ | 71,900 | ||||||||
Interest rate caps sold | (1,168 | ) | 250,000 | | | |||||||||||
Interest rate corridors purchased | | 714,618 | | 844,805 | ||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | (35 | ) | 277,059 | 242 | 131,195 | |||||||||||
Credit default swaps | (19,837 | ) | 83,000 | (6 | ) | 1,000 | ||||||||||
Futures | | | 90 | 204,000 | ||||||||||||
Purchase commitments | | | (168 | ) | 80,964 | |||||||||||
Cash Flow Hedges |
||||||||||||||||
Futures | | | (44 | ) | 627,000 | |||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | 7,849 | 934,266 | 19,385 | 1,279,007 | ||||||||||||
Total Derivative Financial Instruments | $ | (8,728 | ) | $ | 2,965,343 | $ | 20,613 | $ | 3,239,871 |
We maintain an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of interest rate agreements for a variety of reasons, including minimizing significant fluctuations in earnings or market values on certain assets or liabilities that may be caused by interest rate volatility. Currently, the majority of our interest rate agreements are used to match the duration of liabilities to assets. Interest rate agreements we use as part of our interest rate risk management strategy may include interest rate options, swaps, options on swaps, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and options on forward purchases. We currently account for our interest rate agreements as either cash flow hedges or trading instruments.
In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair market value of the hedging derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedging relationship is terminated. The ineffective portion of the cash flow hedge is recognized immediately in earnings. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, the amount of ineffectiveness was $42,000 income and $0.6 million income, respectively, and was $0.3 million income and $0.5 million income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
We reclassified negative $0.2 million and negative $0.9 million from other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, and reclassified negative $47,000 and positive $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
Our interest rate agreements had net receipts of $2.1 million and $7.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, and net receipts of $3.0 million and $9.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
The following table presents the interest income and expense of our interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
25
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Net interest income on cash flow interest rate agreements | $ | 2,100 | $ | 3,042 | $ | 7,222 | $ | 9,096 | ||||||||
Realized net gains due to net ineffective portion of hedges | 42 | 322 | 631 | 455 | ||||||||||||
Realized net (losses) gains reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) | (183 | ) | (47 | ) | (860 | ) | 425 | |||||||||
Total | $ | 1,959 | $ | 3,317 | $ | 6,993 | $ | 9,976 |
When the interest rate agreement is accounted for as a trading instrument, changes in the fair market value of the interest rate agreement and all associated income and expenses are reported in earnings through net recognized valuation adjustments. We had net valuation adjustments on interest rate agreements of negative $17.9 million and negative $20.9 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, and negative $8.5 million and positive $1.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
Interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges may be terminated prior to the completion of the forecasted transactions. In these cases, and when the forecasted transaction is still likely to occur, the net gain or loss on the interest rate agreements remains in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to our consolidated statements of income (loss) during the period the forecasted transaction occurs.
In the case when the hedge is terminated and the forecasted transaction is not expected to occur, we immediately recognize the gain or loss through gains on sales, net in our consolidated statements of income (loss). For the three months ended September 30, 2007, there were no such instances. For the nine months ended September 30, 2007, there was one such instance which resulted in a gain of $1 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2006, there was one such instance which resulted in a gain of $6 million.
Our total unrealized gain or loss on interest rate agreements included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was negative $8.0 million at September 30, 2007 and positive $6.7 million at December 31, 2006.
Our loan purchase commitments represent derivative instruments under Financial Accounting Standard No. 149, Amendment of Statement 133 on Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 149.) At September 30, 2007, we had no loan purchase commitments. At December 31, 2006, the fair market value of our loan purchase commitments was negative $0.2 million. The change in fair market value from period to period is included in valuation adjustments, in our consolidated statements of income (loss).
A credit default swap is an agreement to provide (receive) credit event protection based on a financial index or specific security in exchange for receiving (paying) a fixed rate fee or premium over the term of the contract. In the first quarter of 2007, we began entering into these agreements where we agreed to provide credit event protection in exchange for a premium. In essence, these instruments enables us to credit enhance a specific pool of loans. We included these credit default swaps in our Acacia CDO Option Arm 1 which closed in the second quarter of 2007.
26
Credit default swaps are accounted for as trading instruments, reported at fair market value with the changes in fair market value recognized through our income statement. The value of these contracts decrease for a variety of reasons, including when the probability of the occurrence of a specific credit event increases, when the markets perceptions of default risk in general change, or when there are changes in the supply and demand of these instruments. Since the acquisition of these credit default swaps, the value has decreased $19.3 million, primarily as the result of widening spreads in these types of instruments.
We incur credit risk to the extent that the counterparties to the derivative financial instruments do not perform their obligations under the agreements. If one of the counterparties does not perform, we may not receive the cash to which we would otherwise be entitled under the agreement. In order to mitigate this risk, we only enter into agreements that are either a) transacted on a national exchange or b) transacted with counterparties that are either i) designated by the U.S. Department of Treasury as a primary government dealer, ii) affiliates of primary government dealers, or iii) rated BBB or higher. Furthermore, we generally enter into agreements with several different counterparties in order to diversify our credit risk exposure. At September 30, 2007, we had $2.0 million credit exposure on interest rate agreements. At December 31, 2006, we had $1.0 million credit exposure on futures and $5.1 million credit exposure on interest rate agreements.
We establish reserves for credit losses on our real estate loans based on our estimate of losses inherent in our loan portfolio.
Delinquencies in our consolidated residential real estate loan portfolio were $56 million and $65 million as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. Delinquencies include loans delinquent more than 90 days, in bankruptcy, and in foreclosure. As a percentage of our current residential real estate loan balances, delinquencies stood at 0.74% and 0.71% at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. As a percentage of the original balances, delinquencies stood at 0.20% and 0.21% at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively.
Our residential loan servicers advance payment on delinquent loans to the extent they deem them recoverable. We accrue interest on loans until they are more than 90 days past due at which point they are placed on nonaccrual status. When a loan becomes REO, we estimate the specific loss, based on estimated net proceeds from the sale of the property (including accrued but unpaid interest), and charge this specific estimated loss against the reserve for credit losses.
For the three months ended September 30, 2007, we had a total credit loss provision of $1.5 million. During the third quarter of 2007 we transferred $5.6 million (of principal value) of delinquent residential loans from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair market value (LOCOM) with a corresponding reduction in the reserve for credit losses through charge-offs. The impact of these events was a $0.5 million net reduction of the balance sheet credit reserve.
27
The following table summarizes the activity in reserves for credit losses for our consolidated residential real estate loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 16,416 | $ | 19,450 | $ | 20,119 | $ | 22,656 | ||||||||
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 1,507 | 465 | 5,488 | (1,900 | ) | |||||||||||
Charge-offs | (2,728 | ) | (589 | ) | (10,412 | ) | (1,430 | ) | ||||||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 15,195 | $ | 19,326 | $ | 15,195 | $ | 19,326 | ||||||||
The following table summarizes the activity in reserves for credit losses for our commercial real estate loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 2,348 | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Provision for credit losses | | | 2,348 | 35 | ||||||||||||
Charge-offs | | | | (35 | ) | |||||||||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 2,348 | $ | | $ | 2,348 | $ | |
During the first quarter of 2007, we fully reserved for an anticipated loss on a junior mezzanine commercial loan financing a condominium-conversion project in the amount of $2.3 million. Principal and accrued interest on this loan was scheduled to be paid upon the completion of the project and sale of the units. Accordingly, the loan was not delinquent. However, due to cost overruns and changing market conditions, we believe it is unlikely we will collect any outstanding principal upon completion of the project. The provision for credit losses on commercial loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 relates to that loan.
Other assets as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006 are summarized in the following table.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 |
December 31, 2006 |
||||||
Real estate owned (REO) | $ | 14,345 | $ | 7,963 | ||||
Fixed assets and leasehold improvements | 7,129 | 4,439 | ||||||
Principal receivable | 2,029 | 4,417 | ||||||
Purchased interest | | 1,045 | ||||||
Other | 1,936 | 2,342 | ||||||
Total other assets | $ | 25,439 | $ | 20,206 |
28
We enter into repurchase agreements, bank borrowings, and other forms of collateralized (and generally uncommitted) borrowings with several banks and major investment banking firms. We also issue commercial paper for financing residential and commercial real estate loans and securities. We refer to these borrowings as Redwood debt. We report Redwood debt at its unpaid principal balance. We also have other types of recourse debt such as subordinated notes (See Note 12).
The table below summarizes the outstanding balances of Redwood debt as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, by collateral type.
September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Number of Facilities |
Outstanding | Limit | Maturity | ||||||||||||
Facilities by collateral |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans | 4 | $ | | $ | 2,350,000 | 10/07 1/08 | ||||||||||
Real estate securities | 11 | 39,378 | 4,287,000 | | ||||||||||||
Unsecured line of credit | 1 | | 10,000 | 10/07 | ||||||||||||
Madrona commercial paper facility | 1 | | 490,000 | 7/09 | ||||||||||||
Total facilities | 17 | $ | 39,378 | $ | 7,137,000 |
December 31, 2006 | ||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Number of Facilities | Outstanding | Limit | Maturity | ||||||||||||
Facilities by collateral |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans | 5 | $ | 959,139 | $ | 2,700,000 | 1/07 10/07 | ||||||||||
Real estate securities | 14 | 597,069 | 5,787,000 | | ||||||||||||
Unsecured line of credit | 1 | | 10,000 | 10/07 | ||||||||||||
Madrona commercial paper facility | 1 | 300,000 | 490,000 | 7/09 | ||||||||||||
Total facilities | 21 | $ | 1,856,208 | $ | 8,987,000 |
At September 30, 2007, we had $4.3 billion of uncommitted real estate securities facilities and $2.4 billion of uncommitted real estate loan facilities included within the limits above.
At September 30, 2007, Redwood debt was all short-term debt. Borrowings under these facilities generally bear interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, the average balance of Redwood debt was $0.4 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, with a weighted-average interest cost of 5.87% and 5.84%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, the average balance of Redwood debt was $0.6 billion and $0.3 billion, with a weighted-average interest cost of 5.82% and 6.08%, respectively. At September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, accrued interest payable on Redwood debt was $30,000 and $7.0 million, respectively.
At September 30, 2007 we had no commercial paper outstanding. At December 31, 2006, we had $300 million of commercial paper outstanding through our Madrona special purpose entity.
The table below summarizes Redwood debt by weighted average interest rates and by collateral type in Redwood debt at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
29
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Amount Borrowed |
Weighted Average Interest Rate |
Weighted Average Days Until Maturity |
Amount Borrowed |
Weighted Average Interest Rate |
Weighted Average Days Until Maturity |
||||||||||||||||||
Real estate loan collateral | $ | | | | $ | 1,259,139 | 5.54 | % | 21 | |||||||||||||||
Securities collateral |
39,378 | 5.25 | % | 26 | 597,069 | 6.06 | % | 110 | ||||||||||||||||
Total Redwood debt |
$ | 39,378 | 5.25 | % | 26 | $ | 1,856,208 | 5.71 | % | 49 |
The following table presents the remaining maturities of Redwood debt as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 |
||||||
Within 30 days | $ | 39,378 | $ | 1,259,138 | ||||
31 to 90 days | | 392,566 | ||||||
Over 90 days | | 204,504 | ||||||
Total Redwood debt | $ | 39,378 | $ | 1,856,208 |
As of September 30, 2007 we were in breach on four of our International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreement covenants with derivative counterparties due to a decline in total reported net worth. We have subsequently transferred these agreements to new counterparties whose covenants we are in compliance with. In addition, for the same total reported net worth reasons, we were in breach on three debt covenants. However, these facilities had zero balances at September 30, 2007. We continue to be in compliance with all other debt covenants for all of our borrowing arrangements and credit facilities. Covenants associated with our debt generally relate to our tangible net worth, liquidity reserves, and leverage requirements. While we generally do not anticipate having any problems in meeting most of our covenants on these arrangements, the possible future decline and volatility in our reported net worth may require us to renegotiate some covenants or reduce the number of counterparties with whom we transact business. It is our intention to renew committed and uncommitted facilities as needed, as well as pursue additional facilities and other types of financing.
The Sequoia and Acacia securitization entities sponsored by us issue ABS to raise the funds to acquire assets from us and others. Each series of ABS consists of various classes that pay interest at variable and fixed rates. Substantially all of the variable-rate ABS are indexed to one-, three- or six-month LIBOR, with interest paid monthly or quarterly. A lesser amount of the ABS is fixed for a term and then will adjust to a LIBOR rate (hybrid ABS) or is fixed for its entire term. Some of the ABS securities issued are IOs and have coupons set at a fixed rate or a fixed spread, while others earn a coupon based on the spread between collateral owned by and the ABS issued by a securitized entity.
The maturity of each class of ABS is directly affected by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. Each series is also subject to redemption (call) according to the specific terms of the respective governing documents. As a result, the actual maturity of an ABS is likely to occur earlier than its stated maturity.
30
The carrying value components of the collateral for ABS issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006 are summarized in the table below.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Real estate loans | $ | 7,649,695 | $ | 7,955,632 | ||||
Real estate securities | 2,520,899 | 2,175,806 | ||||||
Other real estate investments | 1,200 | | ||||||
Real estate owned (REO) | 12,286 | 7,963 | ||||||
Restricted cash owned by consolidated securitization entities | 137,057 | 111,124 | ||||||
Accrued interest receivable | 52,463 | 61,617 | ||||||
Total collateral for ABS issued | $ | 10,373,600 | $ | 10,312,142 |
The components of ABS issued by consolidated securitization entities as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, along with other selected information, are summarized in the table below.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Sequoia ABS issued certificates with principal value | $ | 7,325,264 | $ | 7,575,062 | ||||
Sequoia ABS issued interest-only certificates | 42,688 | 74,548 | ||||||
Acacia ABS issued | 3,441,750 | 2,327,504 | ||||||
Madrona ABS issued | 5,400 | 5,400 | ||||||
Unamortized discount on ABS | (12,574 | ) | (3,290 | ) | ||||
Total consolidated ABS issued | $ | 10,802,528 | $ | 9,979,224 | ||||
Sequoia ABS: |
||||||||
Range of weighted average interest rates, by series | 4.61% to 6.69 | % | 4.64% to 6.37 | % | ||||
Stated maturities | 2010 2047 | 2007 2046 | ||||||
Number of series | 40 | 40 | ||||||
Acacia ABS: |
||||||||
Range of weighted average interest rates, by series | 5.73% to 6.29 | % | 5.84% to 6.03 | % | ||||
Stated maturities | 2039 2052 | 2038 2046 | ||||||
Number of series | 10 | 8 |
Amortization of deferred asset-backed securities issuance costs were $17.4 million and $17.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
The following table summarizes the accrued interest payable on ABS issued as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006. Interest due on Sequoia ABS is settled monthly and on Acacia ABS is settled quarterly.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Sequoia | $ | 21,520 | $ | 20,060 | ||||
Acacia | 39,629 | 23,137 | ||||||
Total accrued interest payable on ABS issued | $ | 61,149 | $ | 43,197 |
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In December 2006, we issued $100 million of subordinated notes (trust preferred securities) through Redwood Capital Trust I, a wholly-owned Delaware statutory trust, in a private placement transaction. These trust preferred securities require quarterly distributions at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% until the notes are redeemed in whole, which will be no later than January 30, 2037. The earliest optional redemption date without a penalty is January 30, 2012.
In May 2007, we issued $50 million of subordinated notes which require quarterly distributions at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% until the notes are redeemed in whole, which will be no later than July 30, 2037. The earliest optional redemption date without a penalty is July 30, 2012.
At September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, the accrued interest payable balance on subordinated notes was $2.0 million and $0.4 million, respectively.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code and the corresponding provisions of state law. In order to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income (this does not include taxable income retained in our taxable subsidiaries) to stockholders within the time frame set forth in the tax rules and we must meet certain other requirements. We may retain up to 10% of our REIT ordinary taxable income (and currently intend to do so in 2007 as we did in 2006) and pay corporate income taxes on this retained income while continuing to maintain our REIT status. We distribute all net capital gains. We are also subject to income taxes on taxable income earned at our taxable subsidiaries.
We recognized a total tax provision of $1.8 million and $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively. We recognized a total tax provision of $6.7 million and $9.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
Our tax provision is determined by applying our expected annual effective tax rate to our GAAP pre-tax income (loss). The effective tax rate is determined as the ratio of tax liability to annual GAAP pre-tax income (loss), based on estimates of taxable and GAAP annual income (loss) for the remainder of the year. Differences in taxable income from GAAP income (loss) reflect various accounting treatments for tax and GAAP, such as the accounting for discount and premium amortization, credit losses, stock options, compensation, asset impairments, changes in market valuations on certain assets, and hedges. Some of these differences create timing differences as to when the taxable income is earned, and the tax is paid, and when the GAAP income (loss) is recognized and the GAAP tax provision is recorded. Some of the differences are permanent as the income (or expense) may be recorded for tax and not for GAAP (or vice-versa). One such significant permanent difference is that, as a REIT, we are able to deduct for tax purposes the dividends paid to shareholders.
Our GAAP income (loss) and taxable income projections are adjusted to reflect actual results and may be revised based on updated information and these changes may lead to changes in our effective tax rate calculations over the course of the year. In the third quarter, our projections of GAAP income (loss) were adjusted as the result of the volatility in the pricing of assets and the subsequent negative market valuation adjustment recorded in the third quarter of 2007. As these negative market valuation adjustments generally do not have a tax effect until realized by sale of the asset, the projected tax liability was not generally affected but projected GAAP pre-tax income was significantly lowered. As a result of these revisions, our effective tax rate changed from our prior estimates.
We currently expect our 2007 taxable income before dividend distributions to be higher than our GAAP income (loss) primarily due to the accounting of discounts on CES and the market valuations taken on our assets for GAAP but not for tax. However, the dividend distribution of at least 90% of our REIT taxable
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income reduces our effective tax rate from the statutory levels. The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal and state rates to the effective rates, as estimated for 2007 as of September 30, 2007 and for the full year of 2006.
2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Federal statutory rate | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | ||||
State statutory rate, net of Federal tax effect | 7.0 | % | 7.0 | % | ||||
Differences in taxable income from GAAP income | 206.6 | % | 11.6 | % | ||||
Dividend paid deduction | (274.9 | )% | (46.3 | )% | ||||
Effective tax rate | (26.3 | )% | 7.3 | % |
Our policy for interest and penalties on material uncertain tax positions recognized in the consolidated financial statements is to classify these as interest expense and operating expense, respectively. However, in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Interpretation Number 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, (FIN 48) we assessed our tax positions for all open tax years (Federal, years 2003 to 2006 and State, years 2002 to 2006) as of September 30, 2007 and concluded that we have no material FIN 48 liabilities to be recognized at this time.
We estimate the fair market value of our financial instruments using available market information and other appropriate valuation methodologies. These fair market value estimates generally incorporate discounted future cash flows at current market discount rates for comparable investments. We validate our fair market value estimates on a quarterly basis by obtaining fair market value estimates from dealers for securities who make a market in these financial instruments and look at recent post period end acquisitions and sales. We believe the estimates we use reasonably reflect the values we may be able to receive should we choose to sell them. Many factors must be considered in order to estimate fair market values, including, but not limited to interest rates, prepayment rates, amount and timing of credit losses, supply and demand, liquidity, and other market factors. Accordingly, our estimates are inherently subjective in nature and involve uncertainty and judgment to interpret relevant market and other data. Amounts realized in actual sales may differ from the fair market values presented.
The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair market values of our financial instruments as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Carrying Value | Fair Market Value | Carrying Value | Fair Market Value | ||||||||||||
Assets |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans (held-for-investment) | $ | 7,649,987 | $ | 7,527,701 | $ | 9,352,107 | $ | 9,268,914 | ||||||||
Real estate loans (held-for-sale) | 6,048 | 6,048 | | | ||||||||||||
Real estate securities (available-for-sale) | 2,926,388 | 2,926,388 | 3,232,767 | 3,232,767 | ||||||||||||
Other real estate investments (trading) | 25,300 | 25,300 | | | ||||||||||||
Non-real estate investments | 80,000 | 80,000 | | | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 309,544 | 309,544 | 168,016 | 168,016 |
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September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Carrying Value | Fair Market Value | Carrying Value | Fair Market Value | ||||||||||||
Derivative assets | 19,749 | 19,749 | 26,827 | 26,827 | ||||||||||||
Restricted cash | 137,062 | 137,062 | 112,167 | 112,167 | ||||||||||||
Accrued interest receivable | 50,473 | 50,473 | 70,769 | 70,769 | ||||||||||||
Liabilities |
||||||||||||||||
Redwood debt | 39,378 | 39,378 | 1,856,208 | 1,856,208 | ||||||||||||
ABS issued |
||||||||||||||||
Sequoia | 7,376,427 | 7,252,721 | 7,664,066 | 7,627,644 | ||||||||||||
Acacia | 3,420,654 | 2,837,101 | 2,309,673 | 2,302,427 | ||||||||||||
Madrona | 5,447 | 5,447 | 5,485 | 5,510 | ||||||||||||
Total ABS issued | 10,802,528 | 10,095,269 | 9,979,224 | 9,935,581 | ||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities | 28,477 | 28,477 | 6,214 | 6,214 | ||||||||||||
Accrued interest payable | 63,177 | 63,177 | 50,590 | 50,590 | ||||||||||||
Subordinated notes | 150,000 | 108,750 | 100,000 | 100,000 |
Methodologies we use to estimate fair market values for various asset types are described below.
| Real estate loans |
| Residential real estate loan fair market values are determined by available market quotes and discounted cash flow analyses. |
| Commercial real estate loan fair market values are determined by appraisals on underlying collateral and discounted cash flow analyses. |
| Real estate securities |
| Real estate securities fair market values are determined by discounted cash flow analyses and other valuation techniques using market pricing assumptions confirmed by third party dealer/pricing indications. |
| Other real estate investments |
| Other real estate investments fair market values are determined by discounted cash flow analyses and other valuation techniques using market pricing assumptions confirmed by third party dealer/pricing indications. |
| Non-real estate investments |
| Non-real estate investments fair market value approximates carrying value as the coupon rate is at LIBOR resetting monthly. |
| Derivative assets and liabilities |
| Fair market values on interest rate agreements are determined by third party vendor modeling software and from valuations provided by dealers active in derivative markets. |
| Cash and cash equivalents |
| Includes cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Fair market values equal carrying values. |
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| Restricted cash |
| Includes interest-earning cash balances in ABS entities for the purpose of distribution to bondholders and reinvestment. Due to the short-term nature of the restrictions, fair market values approximate carrying values. |
| Accrued interest receivable and payable |
| Includes interest due and receivable on assets and due and payable on our liabilities. Due to the short- term nature of when these interest payments will be received or paid, fair market values approximate carrying values. |
| Redwood debt |
| All Redwood debt is adjustable and matures within one year; fair market values approximate carrying values. |
| ABS issued |
| Fair market values are determined by discounted cash flow analyses and other valuation techniques confirmed by third party/dealer pricing indications |
| Commitments to purchase |
| Fair market values are determined by discounted cash flow analyses and other valuation techniques confirmed by third party/dealer pricing indications. |
| Subordinated notes |
| Fair market values are determined using comparable market indicators of current pricing. |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) includes the difference between fair market value and amortized cost for both our real estate securities accounted for as AFS and our interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges. At September 30, 2007 the unrealized loss on AFS was $727 million, a decline of $813 million from the unrealized gain of $86 million at December 31, 2006.
Also included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are any net gains or losses from interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges that have been terminated and where the hedge transactions are still likely to occur. At September 30, 2007, included in the $8.0 million of net unrealized losses on interest rate agreements were $3.3 million of net unrealized gains from terminated hedges, of which a minimal amount will be amortized into income over the next twelve months. At December 31, 2006, included in the $6.7 million of net unrealized gains on interest rate agreements were $0.6 million of net unrealized losses from terminated hedges.
The following table provides a summary of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses) on real estate securities | $ | (727,115 | ) | $ | 86,434 | |||
Net unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges | (7,967 | ) | 6,724 | |||||
Total accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (735,082 | ) | $ | 93,158 |
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At January 1, 2006, upon adoption of FAS 123R, we had $19.3 million of unamortized costs related to unvested equity awards (stock options, restricted stock, and deferred stock units). At September 30, 2007, the unamortized costs totaled $12.1 million and will be expensed over the next six years, over half of which will be recognized over the next twelve months.
In March 2006, we amended the previously amended 2002 Redwood Trust, Inc. Incentive Stock Plan (Incentive Plan) for executive officers, employees, and non-employee directors. This amendment was approved by our stockholders in May 2006. The Incentive Plan authorizes our board of directors (or a committee appointed by our board of directors) to grant incentive stock options as defined under Section 422 of the Code (ISOs), options not so qualified (NQSOs), deferred stock units, restricted stock, performance shares, stock appreciation rights, limited stock appreciation rights (awards), and DERs to eligible recipients other than non-employee directors. ISOs and NQSOs awarded to employees and directors have a maximum term of ten years. Stock options, deferred stock units, and restricted stock granted to employees generally vest over a four-year period. Non-employee directors are automatically provided annual awards under the Incentive Plan that generally vest immediately. The Incentive Plan has been designed to permit the compensation committee of our board of directors to grant and certify awards that qualify as performance-based and otherwise satisfy the requirements of Section 162(m) of the Code. As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, 498,075 and 514,217 shares of common stock, respectively, were available for grant.
A summary of stock option activity during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006 is presented in the table below. See Note 2 for a discussion on the assumptions used to value stock options at grant date.
Three Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||||
Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
|||||||||||||
Stock Options Outstanding |
||||||||||||||||
Outstanding options at beginning of period | 1,007,849 | $ | 34.81 | 1,507,226 | $ | 33.19 | ||||||||||
Options granted | | | | | ||||||||||||
Options exercised | (400 | ) | 32.99 | (5,375 | ) | 32.25 | ||||||||||
Options forfeited | (1,886 | ) | 57.93 | (101 | ) | 33.13 | ||||||||||
Outstanding options at period-end | 1,005,563 | $ | 34.77 | 1,501,750 | $ | 33.20 | ||||||||||
Options exercisable at period-end | 940,291 | $ | 33.30 | 1,317,160 | $ | 30.65 | ||||||||||
Weighted average fair market value of options granted during the period | $ | | $ | |
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Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||||
Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
|||||||||||||
Stock Options Outstanding |
||||||||||||||||
Outstanding options at beginning of period | 1,072,622 | $ | 34.70 | 1,548,412 | $ | 32.60 | ||||||||||
Options granted | 15,934 | 55.73 | 33,871 | 41.09 | ||||||||||||
Options exercised | (64,572 | ) | 32.49 | (79,016 | ) | 24.68 | ||||||||||
Options forfeited | (18,421 | ) | 56.80 | (1,517 | ) | 40.63 | ||||||||||
Outstanding options at period-end | 1,005,563 | $ | 34.77 | 1,501,750 | $ | 33.20 | ||||||||||
Options exercisable at period-end | 940,291 | $ | 33.30 | 1,317,160 | $ | 30.65 | ||||||||||
Weighted average fair market value of options granted during the period | $ | 4.30 | $ | 3.41 |
With the adoption of FAS 123R on January 1, 2006, the grant date fair market value of all remaining unvested stock options (which includes the value of any future dividend equivalent rights) is expensed to the consolidated statements of income (loss) over the remaining vesting period of each option.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, expenses related to stock options were $0.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, expenses related to stock options were $0.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2007, there was $0.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options. These costs will be expensed over a weighted-average period of one year.
The total intrinsic value or gain (fair market value less exercise price) for options exercised was $2,000 and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively. The net cash proceeds received from the exercise of stock options was $11,000 and $1.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively.
The total gain for options exercised was $0.1 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively. The net cash proceeds received from the exercise of stock options was $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
The aggregate intrinsic value of the options outstanding and options currently exercisable was $8.7 million and $25 million at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively.
In the first nine months of 2007, officers exercised 23,487 options and surrendered 15,715 shares to pay exercise costs and taxes of $1 million on the gains on the options exercised.
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The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at September 30, 2007.
Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | |||||||||||||||||||
Range of Excise Prices |
Number Outstanding | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Number Exercisable | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | |||||||||||||||
$10 to $20 | 314,783 | 1.90 | $ | 12.90 | 314,783 | $ | 12.90 | |||||||||||||
$20 to $30 | 200,665 | 1.03 | 21.58 | 200,665 | 21.58 | |||||||||||||||
$30 to $40 | 2,500 | 5.61 | 36.19 | 2,500 | 36.19 | |||||||||||||||
$40 to $50 | 49,271 | 4.95 | 43.35 | 49,221 | 43.35 | |||||||||||||||
$50 to $60 | 438,344 | 6.10 | 55.54 | 373,122 | 55.46 | |||||||||||||||
$0 to $60 | 1,005,563 | 3.72 | 940,291 |
As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, 21,296 and 27,524 shares, respectively, of restricted stock were outstanding. Restrictions on these shares lapse through January 2011.
Restricted stock activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006 is presented in the table below. There were no restricted stock awards granted during the first nine months of 2007.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 | Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 | |||||||||||||||
Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | |||||||||||||
Restricted stock outstanding at the beginning of period | 22,252 | $ | 50.02 | 18,186 | $ | 45.57 | ||||||||||
Restricted stock granted | | | | | ||||||||||||
Stock for which restrictions lapsed | (62 | ) | 40.49 | | | |||||||||||
Restricted stock forfeited | (894 | ) | 51.75 | (436 | ) | 46.13 | ||||||||||
Restricted stock outstanding at end of period | 21,296 | $ | 49.97 | 17,750 | $ | 45.55 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 |
|||||||||||||||
Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | |||||||||||||
Restricted stock outstanding at the beginning of period | 27,524 | $ | 49.57 | 21,038 | $ | 45.96 | ||||||||||
Restricted stock granted | | | 247 | 40.49 | ||||||||||||
Stock for which restrictions lapsed | (4,370 | ) | 46.79 | (972 | ) | 53.74 | ||||||||||
Restricted stock forfeited | (1,858 | ) | 51.51 | (2,563 | ) | 45.32 | ||||||||||
Restricted stock outstanding at end of period | 21,296 | $ | 49.97 | 17,750 | $ | 45.55 |
The cost of these grants is amortized over the vesting term using an accelerated method in accordance with FASB Interpretation No. 28 Accounting for Stock Appreciation Rights and Other Variable Stock Options or Award Plans (FIN 28), and FAS 123R. For both the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, the
38
expenses related to restricted stock were $0.1 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, the expenses related to restricted stock were $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2007, there was $0.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock. This cost will be recognized over a weighted average period of one year.
Deferred stock units (DSUs) are granted or purchased by participants in the Executive Deferred Compensation Plan. Some of the DSUs awarded may have a vesting period associated with them. Restrictions on some of the outstanding DSUs lapse through 2013.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, expenses related to DSUs were $2.4 million and $9.4 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, expenses related to DSUs were $2.0 million and $6.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2007, there was $10.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested DSUs. This cost will be recognized over a weighted-average period of one year. As of December 31, 2006, there was $19.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested DSUs. As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, the number of outstanding DSUs that had vested was 273,436 and 153,073, respectively.
The tables below provide summaries relating to the DSUs balances as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, and activity, including the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Value of DSUs at grant | $ | 38,225 | $ | 36,542 | ||||
Participant forfeitures | (1,206 | ) | (110 | ) | ||||
Distribution of DSUs | (2,715 | ) | (347 | ) | ||||
Change in value at period end since grant | (11,032 | ) | 6,763 | |||||
Value of DSUs at end of period | $ | 23,272 | $ | 42,848 |
Three Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands, Except Unit Amounts) |
Units | Fair Market Value | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | Units | Fair Market Value | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | 710,941 | $ | 34,395 | $ | 49.24 | 492,371 | $ | 24,042 | $ | 45.31 | ||||||||||||||
Grants of DSUs | 9,247 | 340 | 36.77 | 1,025 | 50 | 48.46 | ||||||||||||||||||
Distribution of DSUs | (3,216 | ) | (161 | ) | 50.14 | | | | ||||||||||||||||
Change in valuation during period | | (10,418 | ) | | | 760 | | |||||||||||||||||
Participant forfeitures | (16,385 | ) | (884 | ) | 53.96 | | | | ||||||||||||||||
Net change in number/value of DSUs | (10,354 | ) | (11,123 | ) | | 1,025 | 810 | | ||||||||||||||||
Balance at end of period | 700,587 | $ | 23,272 | $ | 48.96 | 493,396 | $ | 24,852 | $ | 45.32 |
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Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands, Except Unit Amounts) |
Units | Fair Market Value | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | Units | Fair Market Value | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | 737,740 | $ | 42,848 | $ | 48.91 | 418,126 | $ | 17,252 | $ | 45.65 | ||||||||||||||
Grants of DSUs | 33,880 | 1,683 | 49.68 | 86,741 | 3,617 | 41.70 | ||||||||||||||||||
Distribution of DSUs | (50,498 | ) | (2,368 | ) | 46.90 | (11,471 | ) | (347 | ) | 30.27 | ||||||||||||||
Change in valuation during period | | (17,795 | ) | | | 4,330 | | |||||||||||||||||
Participant forfeitures | (20,535 | ) | (1,096 | ) | 53.38 | | | | ||||||||||||||||
Net change in number/value of DSUs | (37,153 | ) | (19,576 | ) | | 75,270 | 7,600 | | ||||||||||||||||
Balance at end of period | 700,587 | $ | 23,272 | $ | 48.96 | 493,396 | $ | 24,852 | $ | 45.32 |
In May 2002, our board of directors approved the 2002 Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (EDCP). The EDCP allows eligible employees and directors to defer portions of current salary and certain other forms of compensation. Redwood matches some deferrals. Compensation deferred under the EDCP are assets of Redwood and subject to the claims of the general creditors of Redwood. The EDCP allows for the investment of deferrals in either an interest crediting account or additional DSUs. The rate of accrual in the interest crediting account is set forth in the EDCP. For deferrals prior to July 1, 2004, the accrual rate is based on a calculation of the marginal rate of return on our portfolio of earning assets. For deferrals after July 1, 2004 and through December 31, 2006, the accrual rate is based on 120% of the long-term applicable federal rate (AFR) or the equivalent rate of employee preselected publicly traded mutual funds. For deferrals subsequent to December 31, 2006 and beginning July 1, 2007, for all prior deferrals the accrual rate is based on 120% of AFR. Participants may also use their deferrals to acquire additional DSUs.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, deferrals of $0.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively, were made under the EDCP. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, deferrals of $0.5 million and $2.4 million, respectively, were made under the EDCP.
The following table provides detail on changes in participants EDCP accounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Transfer into participants EDCP accounts | $ | 136 | $ | 494 | $ | 1,484 | $ | 2,418 | ||||||||
Accrued interest earned in EDCP | 297 | 269 | 817 | 773 | ||||||||||||
Participants withdrawals | (50 | ) | | (3,424 | ) | (2,120 | ) | |||||||||
Net change in participants EDCP accounts | $ | 382 | $ | 763 | $ | (1,123 | ) | $ | 1,071 | |||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 8,187 | $ | 7,313 | $ | 9,693 | $ | 7,005 | ||||||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 8,570 | $ | 8,076 | $ | 8,570 | $ | 8,076 |
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The following table provides detail on the financial position of the EDCP at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Participants deferrals | $ | 5,807 | $ | 6,643 | ||||
Accrued interest credited | 2,763 | 3,050 | ||||||
Balance of participants EDCP accounts | $ | 8,570 | $ | 9,693 |
In May 2002, our stockholders approved the 2002 Redwood Trust, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), effective July 1, 2002. The purpose of the ESPP is to give our employees an opportunity to acquire an equity interest in Redwood through the purchase of shares of common stock at a discount. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase common stock at 85% of its fair market value, subject to limits. Fair market value as defined under the ESPP is the lesser of the closing market price of the common stock on the first day of the calendar year or the first day of the calendar quarter of that year.
The ESPP allows a maximum of 100,000 shares of common stock to be purchased in aggregate for all employees. As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, 44,729 and 35,570 shares have been purchased, respectively. As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, there remained a negligible amount of uninvested employee contributions in the ESPP.
The table below presents the activity in the ESPP for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 10 | $ | 5 | $ | 3 | $ | 13 | ||||||||
Transfer in of participants payroll deductions from the ESPP | 114 | 99 | 362 | 283 | ||||||||||||
Cost of common stock issued to participants under the terms of the ESPP | (123 | ) | (102 | ) | (364 | ) | (294 | ) | ||||||||
Net change in participants equity | $ | (9 | ) | $ | (3 | ) | $ | (2 | ) | $ | (11 | ) | ||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 1 | $ | 2 | $ | 1 | $ | 2 |
As of September 30, 2007, we were obligated under non-cancelable operating leases with expiration dates through 2018 for $15.8 million. The majority of the future lease payments relate to a ten-year operating lease for our executive offices, which expires in 2013, and a lease for additional office space at our executive offices beginning January 1, 2008 and expiring May 31, 2018. Prior to the beginning of the lease of the additional office space, we are subleasing this office space from another tenant through the end of 2007. The total lease payments to be made under the lease expiring in 2013 and the sublease, including certain free-rent periods, are being recognized as office rent expense on straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating lease expense was $0.3 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. Operating lease expense was
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$1.0 million and $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Leasehold improvements for our executive offices are amortized into expense over the ten-year lease term. The unamortized leasehold improvement balance at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006 was $3.3 million and $2.0 million, respectively.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | |||
2007 (three months) | $ | 339 | ||
2008 | 1,636 | |||
2009 | 1,680 | |||
2010 | 1,709 | |||
2011 | 1,831 | |||
2012 and thereafter | 8,574 | |||
Total | $ | 15,769 |
At September 30, 2007, to our knowledge there were no legal proceedings to which we were a party or to which any of our properties was subject.
At September 30, 2007 we had no loan purchase commitments to be recorded under FAS No. 149, Amendment of Statement 133 on Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 149). The change in value of commitments during the quarter is included in market valuation adjustments, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
We announced stock repurchase plans on various dates from September 1997 through November 1999 for the total repurchase of a total of 7,455,000 shares. None of these plans have expiration dates. There were no repurchases during the third quarter of 2007 and 1,000,000 shares remained available for repurchase under those plans.
On November 5, 2007, our Board of Directors authorized Redwood to purchase of up to 5,000,000 shares of Redwood common stock. The Board authorization replaces a previously Board-authorized stock purchase program under which Redwood had remaining authority to purchase up to 1,000,000.
On November 5, 2007 our Board of Directors declared a $0.75 per share dividend for the fourth quarter payable on January 22, 2008 to stockholders of record as of December 31, 2007 and a special dividend of $2.00 per share for 2007 payable on December 7, 2007 to stockholders of record as of November 26, 2007.
On October 11, 2007, Moody's Investors Service downgraded a number of securities issued in 2006 backed by sub prime first lien mortgages. We incorporated this downgrade information as it applies to securities we owned as of September 30, 2007 into our third quarter mark-to-market process and assessment of EITF 99-20 impairments.
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This Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ from our expectations, estimates, and projections and, consequently, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements are not historical in nature and can be identified by words such as anticipate, estimate, will, should, expect, believe, intend, seek, plan, and similar expressions or their negative forms, or by references to strategy, plans, or intentions. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006 under the caption Risk Factors. Other risks, uncertainties, and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected are described below and may be described from time to time in reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Important factors, among others, that may affect our actual results include: changes in interest rates; changes in prepayment rates; general economic conditions, particularly as they affect the price of earning assets and the credit status of borrowers; the availability of high quality assets for purchase at attractive prices; declines in home prices; increases in mortgage payment delinquencies; changes in the level of liquidity in the capital markets which may adversely affect our ability to finance our real estate asset portfolio; changes in liquidity in the market for real estate securities, the re-pricing of credit risk in the capital markets, rating agency downgrades of securities and increases in the supply of real estate securities available for sale, each of which may adversely affect the values of securities we own; the extent of changes in the values of securities we own and the impact of adjustments reflecting those changes on our income statement and balance sheet, including our stockholders equity; our ability to maintain the positive stockholders equity necessary to enable us to pay the dividends required to maintain our status as a real estate investment trust for tax purposes; and other factors not presently identified. This Form 10-Q contains statistics and other data that in some cases have been obtained from or compiled from information made available by servicers and other third-party service providers.
Redwood Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (Redwood, we, or us), is a financial institution focused on investing in, financing, and managing residential and commercial real estate loans and securities. We seek to invest in assets that have the potential to provide high cash flow returns over a long period of time to help support our goal of distributing attractive levels of dividends per share. For tax purposes, we are structured as a real estate investment trust (REIT).
Our primary source of income is net interest income, which equals the interest income we earn from our investments in loans and securities less the interest expenses we incur from our borrowed funds and other liabilities. We assume a range of risks in our investments and the level of assumed risk dictates the manner in which we finance our purchase of and derive income from these investments.
Our investments in residential, commercial, and collateralized debt obligation (CDO) credit enhancement securities (CES, or below investment-grade securities) have concentrated credit risk. We finance the acquisition of most of our first-loss and equivalent CES that are directly exposed to credit losses with capital. We generally finance the acquisition of our second-loss, third-loss, and equivalent securities through our Acacia securitization program. To date, our primary credit enhancement investment focus has been in securities backed by high-quality residential and commercial real estate loans. High-quality real estate loans are loans that typically have low loan-to-value ratios, borrowers with strong credit histories, and other indications of quality relative to the range of loans within U.S. real estate markets as a whole. Our CES investment returns depend on the amount and timing of most of the interest and principal collected on the loans in the pools supporting the securities. In an ideal environment for most of our residential CES, we
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would experience fast loan prepayments and low credit losses which would, in turn, lead to attractive CES returns. Conversely, the return on most of our residential CES investments would be adversely affected by slow loan prepayments and high credit losses.
Our investments in real estate loans and investment-grade securities (IGS) have less concentrated credit risk. To produce an attractive investment return on these lower credit risk assets, we use leverage (primarily structural leverage through securitization rather than financial leverage through the use of Redwood debt). We earn income based upon the spread between the yield on the acquired asset and the cost of funds we borrowed to acquire the asset. We have obtained most of the financing used to acquire these assets through the issuance of asset-backed securities (ABS) under our Sequoia and Acacia securitization programs. These financings are not obligations of Redwood.
The extensive price decline in real-estate securities that began earlier in the year accelerated during the third quarter and had a significant negative financial reporting impact on Redwood, as mark-to-market (MTM) adjustments to our real estate securities portfolio caused our GAAP book value and our GAAP earnings to decline significantly. We strongly believe the real economic impact on Redwood of diminished market values is significantly less severe than the financial reporting impact reflected in our GAAP financial statements. The primary reason for the divergence between economics and GAAP is the accounting treatment required for our investments in our Acacia CDO entities, which requires us to mark-to-market the assets owned by Acacia entities, but does not permit us to mark-to-market paired Acacia CDO issued liabilities. As a result of the GAAP accounting treatment, our investment in Acacia entities at the end of the third quarter was carried on our consolidated GAAP balance sheet with a negative stockholders equity balance of $580 million. From an economic perspective, the lowest possible economic value of our investments in the Acacia entities is zero. We believe our Acacia investments have positive value. We believe our September 30, 2007 consolidated stockholders equity of $149 million understates the value of our investment in Acacia entities by at least $580 million. See detailed Mark-to-Market Valuation Adjustments discussion below.
Our reported GAAP net loss was $61 million ($2.18 per share) in the third quarter of 2007, a decrease from net income of $32 million ($1.22 per share) for the third quarter of 2006. For the nine months ended September 30, 2007, our GAAP net loss was $31 million ($1.14 per share) a decrease from net income of $92 million ($3.51 per share) for the same period last year. Our GAAP return on equity was negative 29% for the three months ended September 30, 2007 compared to 13% for the three months ended September 30, 2006. GAAP return on equity was negative 4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 compared to 12% for the nine months ended September 30, 2006. In the third quarter of 2007, we declared a regular quarterly dividend of $0.75 per share. On November 5, 2007, our Board of Directors declared a $0.75 per share dividend for the fourth quarter payable on January 22, 2008 to stockholders of record as of December 31, 2007 and a special dividend of $2.00 per share for 2007 payable on December 7, 2007 to stockholders of record as of November 26, 2007.
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Three Months Ended September 30, |
Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|||||||||||||||
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Total interest income | $ | 218,824 | $ | 223,649 | $ | 653,588 | $ | 667,769 | ||||||||
Total interest expense | (165,230 | ) | (174,673 | ) | (499,083 | ) | (528,847 | ) | ||||||||
Net interest income | 53,594 | 48,976 | 154,505 | 138,922 | ||||||||||||
Operating expenses | (11,732 | ) | (13,455 | ) | (42,286 | ) | (42,074 | ) | ||||||||
Realized gains on sales and calls, net |
1,824 | 5,690 | 5,708 | 15,740 | ||||||||||||
Market valuation adjustments, net | (102,766 | ) | (5,257 | ) | (142,460 | ) | (11,184 | ) | ||||||||
Provision for income taxes | (1,837 | ) | (3,538 | ) | (6,659 | ) | (9,563 | ) | ||||||||
Net (loss) income | $ | (60,917 | ) | $ | 32,416 | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | ||||||
Diluted common shares | 27,892,199 | 26,624,532 | 27,388,185 | 26,132,000 | ||||||||||||
Net (loss) income per share | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.22 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.51 |
By far the largest factor in the decline of net income for the third quarter was a $98 million increase in negative mark-to-market valuation adjustments. Another factor negatively affecting our net income relative to the prior year third quarter was a $4 million decline from gains generated from sales and calls of assets.
On the positive side, our operating results for the third quarter of 2007 were strong. Net interest income increased to $54 million during the quarter, up from $49 million in the same period last year. Higher net interest income from our CES and IGS portfolios more than offset the decline from a reduced balance of adjustable-rate residential loans under our Sequoia program. Operating expenses were $12 million as compared to $13 million in the third quarter in 2006 primarily due to a reduction in compensation expense due to lower bonus accruals.
Our estimated taxable income was $1.74 per share and $4.88 per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively. Our estimated REIT taxable income was $1.74 per share and $4.66 per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively. Our REIT taxable income is the primary determinant of the minimum amount of dividends we must distribute in order to maintain our tax status as a real estate investment trust. Taxable income continues to run higher than GAAP income as we are not permitted to establish MTM valuation allowances or credit reserves for tax. We amortize more of our CES discount into income for tax and have a higher tax basis in these securities. Consequently, any future credit losses on our CES will have a more significant impact on tax earnings compared to GAAP earnings. See Potential Income Tax Volatility later in this document.
Given the turmoil in the capital markets during the quarter, we limited our acquisition activity and focused our efforts on further strengthening our liquidity position and freeing up capital for deployment into higher yielding assets. We also focused our efforts on fostering and reinforcing business relationships to assure our business partners of our long-term positive market outlook.
During the third quarter, in order to free up capital, we securitized our whole loan inventory and sold AAA-rated securities. We realized some small losses on our asset sales, and the securitizations we completed during the quarter will likely generate a small negative yield for us in future quarters since the securities were sold at relatively high yields. Under the circumstances, we considered these outcomes to be an acceptable price to pay to free up capital for new asset acquisitions.
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During the quarter, we took several actions to improve our overall liquidity position by increasing cash levels and decreasing our reliance on short-term borrowing which have become unstable. Our net liquidity position was strong at the beginning of the quarter and even stronger at the end of the quarter.
(In Millions) (Unaudited) | September 30, 2007 | June 30, 2007 |
||||||
Unrestricted cash | $ | 310 | $ | 83 | ||||
Unsecuritized residential loans | 6 | 888 | ||||||
AAA-rated residential securities | 45 | 168 | ||||||
Liquid assets | 361 | 1,139 | ||||||
Repo and CP borrowings | (39 | ) | (849 | ) | ||||
Net liquidity position | $ | 322 | $ | 290 |
At September 30, 2007, we had $298 million of excess capital, an increase from the $158 million excess capital we had at June 30, 2007 and the $183 million with which we began the year. We derive our excess capital figures by calculating the amount of cash we have available for investment if we fully leveraged our loans and securities in accordance with our internal risk-adjusted capital policies and deducted from the resulting cash balances an amount we believe is sufficient to fund operations and working capital, and provide for any liquidity risks. We include long-term subordinated notes as part of our capital base calculations.
Uses of capital during the nine month period ended September 30, 2007 included acquisitions ($365 million) and dividends ($63 million). Sources of capital included sales ($85 million), net recycling of capital through securitization ($184 million), equity issuance ($60 million), issuance of subordinated notes ($50 million), and net cash flows received from our portfolio after operating costs ($164 million).
We believe our strengthened liquidity and capital positions provide us with options and flexibility. We are well positioned to build our franchise and make good long-term investments in our core residential and commercial credit-enhancement business. In addition, if we believe Redwood shares are trading at attractive levels relative to other uses of cash, we have the liquidity and capital resources to repurchase Redwood shares. In that regard, on November 5, 2007, Redwoods Board of Directors authorized Redwood to purchase up to 5,000,000 shares of Redwood common stock. The Board authorization replaces a previously Board-authorized stock purchase program under which Redwood had remaining authority to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares.
In the near term, we expect to finance most of our new investments with capital. In todays turbulent market, CDO financing is unavailable and short-term borrowing facilities remain unstable. This condition will temporarily slow our acquisitions of loans and investment-grade securities, but it will not impact the acquisition of core residential and commercial credit-enhancement securities as we fund these assets with capital. We are beginning to see some attractive core business opportunities, in particular, for new and seasoned prime residential credit-enhancement securities.
Our rate of excess capital utilization will depend on future market conditions. In this market, large and attractive investment opportunities may arise suddenly. We expect that our current excess capital will be absorbed during the next one to three quarters.
We believe the well publicized liquidity crisis has brought some long overdue changes to the residential and commercial mortgage markets. A renewed appreciation for credit risk has new asset spreads at the widest levels we have seen in years. More stringent underwriting is leading to improvements in loan quality, and the overall level of exuberance has greatly subsided. We have started to make attractive investments in new residential transactions and in seasoned assets sold at a discount by forced sellers. We expect to have excellent residential and commercial investment opportunities going forward, both for our balance sheet and for one or more third-party asset management accounts we intend to generate and market to generate fee income for Redwood.
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We are also pursuing attractive investment opportunities to acquire CDO and subprime securities that are trading at high risk-adjusted returns. This represents a growing market opportunity that we believe could offer exceptional upside potential. Our subprime and CDO structuring and investment expertise gives us a competitive advantage in evaluating these investments. As we continue to allocate capital to our core residential and commercial credit-enhancement businesses, we expect that our capital available for investments in CDO and subprime securities will be limited. For that reason, we are considering raising third-party capital through a new fund to invest in these securities. Redwood will be an investor in and the asset manager of the fund. This structure will allow us to take advantage of market opportunities, expand our asset management business, and benefit from some of the potential investment upside.
Overall, credit preformance for our residential credit-enhancement securities (CES) remains favorable relative to our modeling expectations and reserve levels. Realized credit losses for tax remain low at $2 million for the quarter. Credit performance trends vary by the underlying collateral type and loan vintage. Our CES portfolio (by unpaid principal balance) is backed 77% by prime loans, 20% by alt-a option ARMs, and 3% by other alt-a loans and subprime. By vintage, 73% of our CES portfolio was originated in 2005 and prior and 27% was originated in 2006 and 2007. Credit performance for CES backed by 2005 and prior prime and alt-a option ARM loan vintages continues to exceed our initial modeling expectations. The credit performance for 2006 and 2007 for these same loan types is in line with our initial expectations, but is beginning to trend worse. While these loans were made to strong borrowers, we believe that ultimate credit performance will be closely tied to the economy, home prices, and interest rates. A slowing economy, higher unemployment, or further declines in home prices would have a negative impact, while further decreases in mortgage rates would offer an opportunity for some of these borrowers to refinance and would have a favorable impact. The credit performance for CES backed by other alt-a and subprime loans, which is a relatively small investment for us, is performing worse than our expectations.
We are also closely watching the credit performance of residential and CDO investment grade securities backed by 2006 and 2007 subprime and weak alt-a borrowers. These securities have incurred numerous downgrades from the rating agencies. Over 98% of these securities were financed through Acacia and our capital exposure is limited. These securities are preforming significantly worse than our initial credit expectations. Declining home prices, tightening credit standards, and little or no equity in their homes have left many of these borrowers with no option to refinance or modify their loans. Given the early results and the unfavorable outlook, we have reassessed and significantly increased our loss expectations on these securities.
The credit performance for our commerical CES remains strong. Credit losses on this portfolio to date total less than one basis point (.01%) of the underlying loans.
We expect that over the next two to three years, we will likely experience delinquencies and credit losses that will increase materially on a percentage basis in comparison to the low levels we experienced over the last few years. However, we believe we have established appropriate reserves for these increased losses and we expect most of our assets to produce healthy economic returns even with the increased losses that we currently anticipate. That being said, we do not know how long or how severe this credit cycle will be, and our current expectations about the level of future losses could be overly optimistic.
Overall, we believe the most appropriate expectation over the next few years is that credit losses will escalate and likely reduce the amount of our special dividends in the next several years. In a severe case a case that we are not expecting despite current market turmoil taxable income alone may be less than our regular dividend for some period of time.
Nevertheless, we believe we are in a great position, with a rare opportunity to invest and strengthen our business, given that many of our competitors have suffered from the impact of this market turmoil, most of our assets will continue to generate healthy cash flows, and we have a strong liquidity position with a lack of short-term debt and a large balance of cash to invest.
We have been through several liquidity and credit cycles in the past. Each time we have emerged as a stronger company, and we believe we are well positioned to do so again this time around. Our current liquidity position and our balance sheet are strong, and we believe we are in a good position to continue to develop our businesses and our competitive advantages over time.
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The mortgage market faced adversity in the third quarter of 2007 as the continued broad re-pricing of mortgage credit risk led to a severe contraction in market liquidity. The most dramatic price adjustments involved residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) and CDO securities backed by subprime and alt-a mortgages originated in 2006 and 2007.
We believe several converging factors led to the broad re-pricing, including general concerns over the decline in home prices, the rapid increase in the number of delinquent subprime and alt-a loans, the reduced willingness of investors to acquire commercial paper backed by mortgage collateral and the resulting contraction in market liquidity and availability of financing lines, the numerous rating agency downgrades of securities, and the increase in supply of securities potentially available for sale.
The downward spiraling of negative pricing adjustments on assets had a snowball effect as lower prices led to increased lender margin calls for some market participants, which in turn, forced additional selling, causing yet further declines in prices. These events continued to feed off each other through much of the quarter.
Normal market trading activity during the quarter was unusually light as uncertainty related to future loss estimates made it difficult for willing buyers and sellers to agree on price. This condition was particularly acute with respect to RMBS and CDO securities backed by 2006 and 2007 subprime and alt-a loans where market participants are setting price levels based on widely varied opinions about future loan performance and loan loss severity. While the early credit performance for these securities has been clearly far worse than initial expectations, the ultimate level of realized losses will largely be influenced by events that will likely unfold over the next 12 to 36 months, including the severity of housing price declines and the overall strength of the economy.
The actions taken late in the quarter by the Federal Reserve to reduce the federal funds and discount rates provided some temporary market confidence. We caution that Federal Reserve actions alone are not likely to result in price stability as the aforementioned market concerns remain largely unresolved. From the end of the third quarter through the beginning of November, prices for RMBS and CDO securities continued to decline, in particular for those securities backed by 2006 and 2007 subprime loans.
We believe that, in the long run, the widening spreads (reduction in asset prices) will be advantageous to us as we are buying and will continue to buy high quality assets at more attractive prices than we have seen in recent years.
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During the quarter, we experienced no liquidity issues as all of our credit-sensitive investments were financed with capital or through our Acacia securitization entities. Additionally, we only had a small amount of less credit sensitive assets borrowed on repo facilities. Our cash balances exceed our short-term debt.
The continued extensive price decline in real estate securities in the third quarter had a significant negative GAAP financial reporting impact on Redwood, as mark-to-market (MTM) adjustments to our real estate securities portfolio caused our GAAP book value and our GAAP earnings to decline significantly. We strongly believe that the real economic effect of MTM is significantly less than the impact shown under GAAP. The primary reason for the divergence between economics and GAAP is the accounting treatment required for our investments in Acacia CDOs.
As a result of this accounting treatment, our investments in Acacia CDO entities, in which we have a net cash investment of $113 million, are carried in our reported GAAP consolidated statement of stockholders equity as having $580 million of negative book value at September 30, 2007. (See the non-GAAP pro forma consolidating balance sheet below). However, economically this investment cannot be worth less than zero, because even in the worst case, we cannot lose more than the amount we invested. Nonetheless, GAAP requires us to prepare our financials in a manner that could cause readers to conclude that we did lose more than we invested. The debt of Acacia is not an obligation of Redwood and we have not provided Acacia with any guarantees. Therefore, even if you assume that our investment in Acacia is worthless, our reported GAAP book value is understated by $580 million. Furthermore, we believe that our investments in Acacia have positive value and will continue to generate cash flow. Our calculation of the present value of the future cash flows (adjusted for projected credit losses) from Acacia entities discounted at 45% and 14% range from $55 million to $145 million. Due to the current market illiquidity for CDO equity, we would expect that the fair value of our Acacia investments to be on the lower end of the range rather than the higher end.
Unless the decline in prices that occurred early in the fourth quarter of 2007 recover by year end, we would be required to record additional mark-to-market valuation adjustments in the fourth quarter. These adjustments could result in our reporting negative stockholders equity at December 31, 2007.
September 30, 2007 (In Millions) (Unaudited) |
Redwood Excluding Acacia | Acacia | Intercompany Adjustments | Redwood Consolidated | ||||||||||||
Real estate loans | $ | 7,630 | $ | 26 | $ | | $ | 7,656 | ||||||||
Real estate & other securities | 429 | 2,715 | (113 | ) | 3,031 | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 310 | | | 310 | ||||||||||||
Total earning assets | 8,369 | 2,741 | (113 | ) | 10,997 | |||||||||||
Restricted cash | 14 | 123 | | 137 | ||||||||||||
Other assets | 95 | 54 | | 149 | ||||||||||||
Total Assets | $ | 8,478 | $ | 2,918 | $ | (113 | ) | $ | 11,283 | |||||||
Redwood debt | $ | 39 | $ | | $ | | $ | 39 | ||||||||
Asset-backed securities issued | 7,500 | 3,416 | (113 | ) | 10,803 | |||||||||||
Subordinated notes | 150 | | | 150 | ||||||||||||
Other liabilities | 60 | 82 | | 142 | ||||||||||||
Total Liabilities | 7,749 | 3,498 | (113 | ) | 11,134 | |||||||||||
Total Stockholders Equity | 729 | (580 | ) | | 149 | |||||||||||
Total Liabilities and Stockholders Equity | $ | 8,478 | $ | 2,918 | $ | (113 | ) | $ | 11,283 |
The purpose of this pro forma presentation is to show the consolidating components to our balance sheet and to highlight the negative impact that Acacia has on our consolidated stockholders equity at quarter end. The Redwood excluding Acacia column reflects Redwood without any investment in Acacia entities. While the components reconcile to our consolidated GAAP balance sheet, this is a non-GAAP presentation. In a GAAP presentation, the Redwood excluding Acacia balance sheet shown above would have reflected an investment in Acacia and reflected the negative equity of Acacia.
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Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 (In Millions) (Unaudited) |
Redwood Excluding Acacia | Acacia | Redwood Consolidated | |||||||||
Net Interest Income | $ | 42 | $ | 12 | $ | 54 | ||||||
Operating expenses | (12 | ) | | (12 | ) | |||||||
Realized gains on sales and calls, net | 2 | | 2 | |||||||||
Market valuation adjustments, net | (18 | ) | (85 | ) | (103 | ) | ||||||
Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes | 14 | (73 | ) | (59 | ) | |||||||
Provision for income taxes | (2 | ) | | (2 | ) | |||||||
Net Income (Loss) | $ | 12 | $ | (73 | ) | $ | (61 | ) |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||
Redwood Excluding Acacia | Acacia | Redwood Consolidated | ||||||||||
Net Interest Income | $ | 120 | $ | 34 | $ | 154 | ||||||
Operating expenses | (42 | ) | | (42 | ) | |||||||
Realized gains on sales and calls, net | 6 | | 6 | |||||||||
Market valuation adjustments, net | (44 | ) | (98 | ) | (142 | ) | ||||||
Net income (loss) before provision for income taxes | 40 | (64 | ) | (24 | ) | |||||||
Provision for income taxes | (7 | ) | | (7 | ) | |||||||
Net Income (Loss) | $ | 33 | $ | (64 | ) | $ | (31 | ) |
The purpose of this pro forma presentation is to show the consolidating components to our income statement and to highlight the negative impact that Acacia had on our consolidated net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007. While the components reconcile to our consolidated GAAP income statement, this is a non-GAAP presentation. In a GAAP presentation, the Redwood excluding Acacia income statement shown above would have reflected the loss from Acacia.
MTM adjustments on securities can result from a decline in the economic value of the securities (i.e., increased credit loss estimates reduce expected future cash flows), or from changes in market discount rates (i.e., the market requires a greater risk premium and/or interest rates rise), or a combination of both.
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Total MTM adjustments taken during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 were $757 million and $969 million, respectively. The tables below show the breakdown of these MTM adjustments between Redwood and Acacia. They also detail the amounts that flowed through our income statement and stockholders equity. A summary of the accounting rules regarding MTMs is provided below.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||
(In Millions) | Redwood Excluding Acacia | Acacia | Total | |||||||||
Balance Sheet Impact |
||||||||||||
Reduction in stockholders' equity | $ | (98 | ) | $ | (556 | ) | $ | (654 | ) | |||
Income Statement Impact |
||||||||||||
Market valuation adjustments |
||||||||||||
Impairment on AFS securities | (15 | ) | (68 | ) | (83 | ) | ||||||
Fair value adjustment on trading assets | (3 | ) | (17 | ) | (20 | ) | ||||||
Total income statement impact | (18 | ) | (85 | ) | (103 | ) | ||||||
Total Mark-to-Market Adjustments | $ | (116 | ) | $ | (641 | ) | $ | (757 | ) |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||
(In Millions) | Redwood Excluding Acacia | Acacia | Total | |||||||||
Balance Sheet Impact |
||||||||||||
Reduction in stockholders' equity | $ | (132 | ) | $ | (696 | ) | $ | (828 | ) | |||
Income Statement Impact |
||||||||||||
Market valuation adjustments |
||||||||||||
Impairment on AFS securities | (28 | ) | (79 | ) | (107 | ) | ||||||
Fair value adjustment on trading assets | (15 | ) | (19 | ) | (34 | ) | ||||||
Total income statement impact | (43 | ) | (98 | ) | (141 | ) | ||||||
Total Mark-to-Market Adjustments | $ | (175 | ) | $ | (794 | ) | $ | (969 | ) |
The purpose of this pro forma presentation is to show the consolidating components for total mark-to-market adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007. These mark-to-market adjustments are further detailed by the balance sheet (stockholders equity) and income statement impact. This is a non-GAAP presentation. The total stockholders equity impact of $654 million and $828 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, agree to our consolidated statement of comprehensive income for those periods. The total income statement impact of $103 million and $141 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2007, respectively, agree to our consolidated income statement for those periods.
If the change in fair value for available-for-sale securities (AFS) is due solely to changes in market discount rates, then the entire MTM adjustment is flowed through our balance sheet as an adjustment to stockholders equity. These adjustments can go back and forth (positive or negative) from period to period.
If the change in fair value for AFS is accompanied by an adverse change in projected cash flows, then the entire MTM adjustment is flowed through the income statement. This is required even if the change in projected cash flows is small relative to the resulting MTM income statement charge. We offer the following example: Assume Redwood acquired a security for $100 and the value of this acquisition was based on $150 of future expected cash flows discounted at 12%. If at the end of an accounting period, the market value of the security was $50 and that value was based on $149 of future expected cash flows discounted at 25% (the
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prevailing market rates), the entire $50 change in value is considered permanently impaired for accounting purposes. AFS deemed permanently impaired for accounting purposes cannot be written back up through market valuation adjustments in our income statement. This does not mean the underlying security could not recover in economic or market value. If the economic value of an impaired security does recover, we would recognize this benefit for accounting purposes through a higher interest yield over time. It is often difficult to separate with precision how much of the change in fair value is driven by changes in expected cash flows versus changes in required market discount rates, but during periods of market illiquidity and uncertainty, the market discount rate component can be significant. Therefore, some of our securities classified as permanently impaired for accounting purposes during the third quarter may eventually prove to have significant economic value to us.
All changes in fair value for trading securities or derivative instruments flow through the income statement. These adjustments can be either positive or negative from period to period.
The table below details the total MTM adjustments by the underlying collateral type.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | IGS | CES | OREI & Derivatives | Total | MTM Percent(1) | |||||||||||||||
Residential |
||||||||||||||||||||
Prime | $ | (82 | ) | $ | (131 | ) | $ | | $ | (213 | ) | (16 | )% | |||||||
Alt-a | (197 | ) | (67 | ) | (13 | ) | (277 | ) | (22 | )% | ||||||||||
Subprime | (92 | ) | (11 | ) | (5 | ) | (108 | ) | (24 | )% | ||||||||||
Residential total | (371 | ) | (209 | ) | (18 | ) | (598 | ) | ||||||||||||
Commercial | (6 | ) | (56 | ) | | (62 | ) | (11 | )% | |||||||||||
CDO | (57 | ) | (9 | ) | | (66 | ) | (26 | )% | |||||||||||
Interest rate agreements & other | | | (31 | ) | (31 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total Mark-to-Market Adjustments | $ | (434 | ) | $ | (274 | ) | $ | (49 | ) | $ | (757 | ) |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | IGS | CES | OREI & Derivatives | Total | MTM Percent(1) | |||||||||||||||
Residential |
||||||||||||||||||||
Prime | $ | (100 | ) | $ | (146 | ) | $ | 1 | $ | (245 | ) | (19 | )% | |||||||
Alt-a | (234 | ) | (85 | ) | (28 | ) | (347 | ) | (29 | )% | ||||||||||
Subprime | (128 | ) | (18 | ) | (6 | ) | (152 | ) | (32 | )% | ||||||||||
Residential total | (462 | ) | (249 | ) | (33 | ) | (744 | ) | ||||||||||||
Commercial | (13 | ) | (101 | ) | | (114 | ) | (20 | )% | |||||||||||
CDO | (86 | ) | (11 | ) | | (97 | ) | (36 | )% | |||||||||||
Interest rate agreements & other | | | (14 | ) | (14 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total Mark-to-Market Adjustments | $ | (561 | ) | $ | (361 | ) | $ | (47 | ) | $ | (969 | ) |
(1) | This percentage represents the MTMs taken as a percentage of the reported market values at the beginning of the period, or purchase price if acquired during the period. It is intended to highlight the price declines by collateral type for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2007. These price declines are for our specific portfolio and may not be indicative of price declines in the market in general. |
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Under our Acacia program we re-securitize real estate securities using bankruptcy remote CDO entities that sell ABS (asset backed securities) to independent third party debt investors. We typically retain an equity interest in the Acacia CDOs and receive asset management fees. Our equity investments are entitled to the net cash flows (i.e., the net cash flows generated by the assets after deducting the money owed to the ABS debt holders) of the Acacia entities. Our share of any economic credit losses generated by the underlying Acacia assets are capped for us at the amount of our net equity investment, with the remainder of losses borne by the ABS holders.
As a hypothetical example, an Acacia CDO transaction might have $300 million of assets, $285 million of liabilities (ABS issued), and $15 million of equity. If in any year the assets earned 6% or $18 million, and the ABS were paid interest of 5% or $14.25 million, our equity would be entitled to a distribution of $3.75 million in that year. In certain circumstances, our equity cash distributions can be disrupted based on rating agency down-grades or due to a deterioration in collateral performance.
We have ten Acacia CDO transactions outstanding. Our investment in each of these transactions are separate and independent, thus diminished cash flow generated by any one of our CDO equity investments would have no effect on our other CDO equity investments. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, we collected $5.3 million and $14.6 million, respectively, of cash flow distributions from our Acacia investments. Currently, we are continuing to receive distributions from all Acacias. We are closely monitoring the four Acacia transactions issued since August 2006 as further rating agency down-grades or further deterioration in collateral performance could disrupt cash distributions from these Acacia entities. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, we received cash distributions of $1.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively, from these four Acacia entities (Acacias 10, 11, 12, and option ARM).
We believe the best measure of economic value for our Acacia equity investment is the net present value of the future cash flow distributions, though we would caution that in this environment it is particularly difficult to predict future cash flows with much certainty given the potential for future rating agency down-grades and the uncertainties around future credit performance and the problems in the housing market that we discussed above. Our calculation of the present value of the future cash flows (adjusted for projected credit losses) from Acacia entities discounted at 45% and 14% range from $55 million to $145 million. Due to the current market illiquidity for CDO equity, we would expect that the fair value of our Acacia investments to be on the lower end of the range rather than the higher end. Our initial cash investment in these Acacia transactions was $140 million. Cumulatively, we have received cash distributions of $27 million on our investments in these Acacia entities. In addition, we received management fees of $8 million.
The assets, liabilities, and earnings from the Acacia entities are consolidated for GAAP purposes with Redwood. Over time, the economic and GAAP results of Acacia will be the same. However, there can be interim periods of time when GAAP and economic losses diverge significantly. This results from the fact that under GAAP we are not permitted to adjust the carrying values of our Acacia liabilities until actual losses are passed through to debt holders or the securitization is called (which may not occur for a significant period of time), but we are required to mark-to-market all of the Acacia assets on a quarterly basis. This GAAP accounting treatment resulted in the carrying value of Acacia to be negative $580 million. However, since the economic value of our equity investment cannot be less than zero, our September 30, 2007 consolidated GAAP book value of $149 million understates the value of Acacia by at least $580 million.
The divergence between economic and accounting results is highlighted by Acacia OA (option ARM) in the table below. We made a $14 million cash investment. We have already recognized $20 million of losses through the income statement ($6 million more than our investment). In addition we have further reduced stockholders equity by $149 million for negative MTM adjustments. Thus, our $14 million investment is carried at a $155 million negative book value on our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2007.
53
September 30, 2007 (In Millions) |
Acacia 5 Issued Jul-04 |
Acacia 6 Issued Nov-04 |
Acacia 7 Issued Mar-05 |
Acacia 8 Issued Jul-05 |
Acacia CRE1 Issued Dec-05 | Acacia 9 Issued Mar-06 |
Acacia 10 Issued Aug-06 | Acacia 11 Issued Feb-07 | Acacia OA Issued May-07 | Acacia 12 Issued Jun-08 | Consolidated Acacia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate investments |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 247 | $ | 283 | $ | 293 | $ | 288 | $ | 300 | $ | 301 | $ | 503 | $ | 499 | $ | 424 | $ | 484 | $ | 3,622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (6 | ) | (9 | ) | (8 | ) | (18 | ) | (32 | ) | (10 | ) | (43 | ) | (29 | ) | (5 | ) | (35 | ) | (195 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Designated credit reserve | (2 | ) | (3 | ) | (2 | ) | (5 | ) | | (3 | ) | (37 | ) | (32 | ) | | (15 | ) | (99 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized (losses) | (26 | ) | (35 | ) | (33 | ) | (45 | ) | (41 | ) | (50 | ) | (88 | ) | (109 | ) | (149 | ) | (92 | ) | (668 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other investments | | | | | | | 1 | | 80 | | 81 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total earning assets | 213 | 236 | 250 | 220 | 227 | 238 | 336 | 329 | 350 | 342 | 2,741 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restricted cash | 17 | 15 | 18 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 25 | 123 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other assets | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Assets | $ | 232 | $ | 254 | $ | 272 | $ | 237 | $ | 242 | $ | 248 | $ | 346 | $ | 340 | $ | 373 | $ | 374 | $ | 2,918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
ABS issued | $ | 242 | $ | 269 | $ | 279 | $ | 250 | $ | 262 | $ | 277 | $ | 412 | $ | 472 | $ | 495 | $ | 458 | $ | 3,416 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other liabilities | 2 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 33 | 9 | 82 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Liabilities | 244 | 277 | 289 | 252 | 266 | 281 | 419 | 475 | 528 | 467 | 3,498 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Initial investment | 8 | 8 | 11 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 29 | 5 | 14 | 22 | 140 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cummulative earnings (losses) | 10 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 7 | 8 | (6 | ) | (27 | ) | (20 | ) | (21 | ) | (23 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cummulative distributions | (6 | ) | (6 | ) | (3 | ) | (4 | ) | (2 | ) | (2 | ) | (3 | ) | (1 | ) | | | (27 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
OCI | (24 | ) | (33 | ) | (30 | ) | (42 | ) | (43 | ) | (50 | ) | (93 | ) | (112 | ) | (149 | ) | (94 | ) | (670 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Equity | (12 | ) | (23 | ) | (17 | ) | (15 | ) | (24 | ) | (33 | ) | (73 | ) | (135 | ) | (155 | ) | (93 | ) | (580 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 232 | $ | 254 | $ | 272 | $ | 237 | $ | 242 | $ | 248 | $ | 346 | $ | 340 | $ | 373 | $ | 374 | $ | 2,918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Summary of cash activity |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Initial investment | $ | (8 | ) | $ | (8 | ) | $ | (11 | ) | $ | (18 | ) | $ | (14 | ) | $ | (11 | ) | $ | (29 | ) | $ | (5 | ) | $ | (14 | ) | $ | (22 | ) | $ | (140 | ) | |||||||||||
Cash received | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | | | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Cash Flow to Date | $ | (2 | ) | $ | (2 | ) | $ | (8 | ) | $ | (14 | ) | $ | (12 | ) | $ | (9 | ) | $ | (26 | ) | $ | (4 | ) | $ | (14 | ) | $ | (22 | ) | $ | (113 | ) |
With respect to the four Acacia transactions that currently concern us, our net cash investment as of September 30, 2007 was $66 million. From a GAAP income statement standpoint, we have already collectively recognized losses of $74 million. Therefore, we have already effectively taken $8 million of write-offs through the income statement in excess of these investments.
On January 1, 2008, FASB Statement No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Including an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 (FAS 159) becomes effective. If adopted by us, FAS 159 will enable us to mark-to-market the Acacia liabilities. We are considering adopting FAS 159 for valuing the assets and liabilities owned by Acacia on January 1, 2008. These rules may allow us to better conform our book value and GAAP income results more closely to what we believe economic reality to be. However, we do not believe the new rules will address all of the related mark-to-market challenges and our reported numbers are likely to remain volatile.
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The following table details Acacias exposure to different collateral types owned by Acacia entities.
September 30, 2007 (In Millions) |
Acacia 5 Issued Jul-04 |
Acacia 6 Issued Nov-04 |
Acacia 7 Issued Mar-05 |
Acacia 8 Issued Jul-05 |
Acacia CRE1 Issued Dec-05 |
Acacia 9 Issued Mar-06 |
Acacia 10 Issued Aug-06 |
Acacia 11 Issued Feb-07 |
Acacia OA Issued May-07 |
Acacia 12 Issued Jun-07 |
Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Resi IGS |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Sequoia |
$ | 15 | $ | 15 | $ | 11 | $ | 6 | $ | 1 | $ | 3 | $ | 4 | $ | 3 | $ | 8 | $ | 21 | $ | 87 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Other | 43 | 57 | 73 | 77 | 52 | 133 | 115 | 52 | 9 | 60 | 671 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alt-a | 27 | 18 | 25 | 23 | 5 | 23 | 44 | 124 | 244 | 125 | 658 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subprime | 62 | 81 | 66 | 8 | | 12 | 11 | 31 | 2 | 39 | 312 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Resi CES |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Sequoia |
3 | 5 | 4 | 7 | | 2 | 5 | | | | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Other | 28 | 23 | 16 | 42 | | 25 | 102 | 26 | | 15 | 277 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alt-a | 1 | 6 | 3 | 16 | | 3 | 3 | 25 | | 10 | 67 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subprime | | | | | | | 5 | 4 | | 3 | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
COMM IGS | 12 | 11 | 8 | 9 | 56 | 3 | 1 | | | 3 | 103 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
COMM CES | 2 | 5 | 16 | 24 | 86 | 15 | 29 | 26 | | 35 | 238 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
COMM Loans | 4 | | 9 | 4 | 9 | | | | | | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CDO: CMBS | 3 | 2 | 2 | | 18 | 12 | 10 | 20 | 7 | 9 | 83 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CDO: RMBS | 13 | 13 | 17 | 4 | | 7 | 6 | 18 | | 22 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GIC | | | | | | | | | 80 | | 80 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Totals | $ | 213 | $ | 236 | $ | 250 | $ | 220 | $ | 227 | $ | 238 | $ | 336 | $ | 329 | $ | 350 | $ | 342 | $ | 2,741 |
Our fair market values reflect what we believe we could realize if we chose to sell our securities. However, most of our securities (in particular our CES and CDO investments) are generally illiquid. Consequently, establishing fair market values for these securities is inherently subjective and is dependent upon modeling assumptions and indications of value obtained from brokers or dealers.
As a consequence of limited trading visibility during the quarter and the significant uncertainties regarding credit loss levels, the fair market values underpinning our market valuation adjustments are based on facts that are far less certain than has historically been the case in prior periods. We expect that the market valuations will continue to be highly volatile over time.
To establish fair market values at September 30, 2007, we relied heavily on indications of value (marks) from dealers, and to a lesser extent, on values derived from our internal cash flow modeling. We received third party dealer marks (that may or may not be based on actual trades or their own internal models) on 89% of the number of securities reflected on our balance sheet, and with respect to the remaining 11% for which we did not receive third party dealer marks, we used our internal model to establish fair value.
We compared all of the dealers marks to our internal model for reasonableness. As a result of this process, we accepted some of these marks as an indication of fair value and rejected others. If we rejected the dealer mark, we used our internal model. The table below details the breakdown of internal and external inputs used.
In only 3% of the cases in which we had a third party dealer mark did we value securities above the dealer mark. For these 3%, the difference between the lower dealer marks and our higher internal marks was $9.6 million at September 30, 2007.
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September 30, 2007 | ||||
RWT Internal Model: |
||||
No external dealer marks received | 11 | % | ||
External Dealer Marks Received: |
||||
External mark accepted | 69 | % | ||
External mark received but a lower internal mark used | 17 | % | ||
External mark received but a higher internal mark used | 3 | % | ||
Total | 100 | % |
Our internal pricing model calculates fair value based on the net present value of projected future cash flows of each individual security. This calculation is dependent on a number of assumptions including: future interest rates, prepayment rates, market discount rates, and timing and amount of future credit losses. The valuation parameters of these models are calibrated to what we believe are bid-side fair market assumptions. The dealers we receive indications from are active participants in capital markets. It is likely that many of the dealer marks we received this period were based on pricing models and not on actual trade information. Their indications of values are based on a variety of assumptions they do not share and may prove to be inaccurate.
Total interest income consists of interest earned on consolidated earning assets adjusted for amortization of discounts and premiums and provisions for loan credit losses. The table below summarizes interest income earned on real estate loans, real estate securities, other real estate investments, non-real estate investments, and cash.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 | Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | Interest Income | Percent of Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Yield | Interest Income | Percent of Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Yield | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans, net of provision for credit losses | $ | 116,670 | 53.32 | % | $ | 7,899,110 | 5.91 | % | $ | | 66.63 | % | $ | 9,979,261 | 5.97 | % | ||||||||||||||||
Real estate securities | 94,776 | 43.31 | % | 3,776,850 | 10.04 | % | 72,759 | 32.53 | % | 2,697,903 | 10.79 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other real estate investments | 1,275 | 0.58 | % | 31,187 | 16.36 | % | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-real estate investments | 1,143 | 0.52 | % | 80,000 | 5.71 | % | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 4,960 | 2.27 | % | 406,094 | 4.89 | % | 1,872 | 0.84 | % | 183,323 | 4.08 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total interest income | $ | 218,824 | 100.00 | % | $ | 12,193,241 | 7.18 | % | $ | 223,649 | 100.00 | % | $ | 12,860,487 | 6.96 | % |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | Interest Income | Percent of Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Yield | Interest Income | Percent of Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Yield | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans, net of provision for credit losses | $ | 363,097 | 55.55 | % | $ | 8,293,563 | 5.84 | % | $ | 470,893 | 70.52 | % | $ | 11,127,318 | 5.64 | % | ||||||||||||||||
Real estate securities | 273,427 | 41.83 | % | 3,572,533 | 10.20 | % | 189,656 | 28.40 | % | 2,530,248 | 9.99 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other real estate investments | 4,409 | 0.67 | % | 37,450 | 15.70 | % | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-real estate investments | 1,607 | 0.25 | % | 39,853 | 5.37 | % | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 11,048 | 1.69 | % | 315,054 | 4.68 | % | 7,220 | 1.08 | % | 224,418 | 4.29 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total interest income | $ | 653,588 | 100.00 | % | $ | 12,258,453 | 7.11 | % | $ | 667,769 | 100.00 | % | $ | 13,881,984 | 6.41 | % |
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The table below details how our interest income changed by portfolio as a result of changes in consolidated asset balances (volume) and yield (rate) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
Change in Interest Income Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 Versus September 30, 2006 |
||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Volume | Rate | Total Change | |||||||||
Real estate loans, net of provisions for credit losses |
$ | (31,062 | ) | $ | (1,286 | ) | $ | (32,348 | ) | |||
Real estate securities | 29,098 | (7,081 | ) | 22,017 | ||||||||
Other real estate investments | 1,275 | | 1,275 | |||||||||
Non-real estate investments | 1,143 | | 1,143 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 2,275 | 813 | 3,088 | |||||||||
Total interest income | $ | 2,729 | $ | (7,554 | ) | $ | (4,825 | ) |
Change in Interest Income Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 Versus September 30, 2006 |
||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Volume | Rate | Total Change | |||||||||
Real estate loans, net of provisions for credit losses |
$ | (119,921 | ) | $ | 12,125 | $ | (107,796 | ) | ||||
Real estate securities | 78,125 | 5,646 | 83,771 | |||||||||
Other real estate investments | 4,409 | | 4,409 | |||||||||
Non-real estate investments | 1,607 | | 1,607 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 2,916 | 912 | 3,828 | |||||||||
Total interest income | $ | (32,864 | ) | $ | 18,683 | $ | (14,181 | ) |
Note: Volume change is the change in average portfolio balance between periods multiplied by the rate earned in the earlier period. Rate change is the change in rate between periods multiplied by the average portfolio balance in the prior period. Interest income changes that result from changes in both rate and volume were allocated to the rate change amounts shown in the table.
Below is a further breakdown and discussion of the year-over-year changes for real estate loans, real estate securities, other real estate investments, and cash.
The following tables provide detail on interest income earned on our residential and commercial real estate loan portfolios for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 Yield as a Result of |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | Interest Income | Net (Premium) Discount Amortization | Provision For Credit Losses | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | (Premium) Discount Amortization and Credit Provision | Total Interest Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential loans | $ | 126,131 | $ | (8,376 | ) | $ | (1,507 | ) | $ | 116,248 | $ | 7,873,323 | 6.41 | % | (0.50 | )% | 5.91 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial loans | 401 | 21 | | 422 | 25,787 | 6.22 | % | 0.33 | % | 6.54 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total loans | $ | 126,532 | $ | (8,355 | ) | $ | (1,507 | ) | $ | 116,670 | $ | 7,899,110 | 6.41 | % | (0.50 | )% | 5.91 | % |
57
Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 Yield as a Result of |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | Interest Income | Net (Premium) Discount Amortization | Provision For Credit Losses | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | (Premium) Discount Amortization and Credit Provision | Total Interest Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential loans | $ | 160,213 | $ | (11,254 | ) | $ | (465 | ) | $ | 148,494 | $ | 9,947,067 | 6.44 | % | (0.47 | )% | 5.97 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial loans | 502 | 22 | | 524 | 32,194 | 6.24 | % | 0.27 | % | 6.51 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total loans | $ | 160,715 | $ | (11,232 | ) | $ | (465 | ) | $ | 149,018 | $ | 9,979,261 | 6.44 | % | (0.47 | )% | 5.97 | % |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 Yield as a Result of |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | Interest Income | Net (Premium) Discount Amortization | Provision For Credit Losses | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | (Premium) Discount Amortization and Credit Provision | Total Interest Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential loans | $ | 401,028 | $ | (30,989 | ) | $ | (5,488 | ) | $ | 364,550 | $ | 8,266,966 | 6.47 | % | (0.59 | )% | 5.88 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial loans | 833 | 62 | (2,348 | ) | (1,453 | ) | 26,597 | 4.18 | % | (11.46 | )% | (7.28 | )% | |||||||||||||||||||
Total loans | $ | 401,861 | $ | (30,927 | ) | $ | (7,836 | ) | $ | 363,097 | $ | 8,293,563 | 6.46 | % | (0.62 | )% | 5.84 | % |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 Yield as a Result of |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | Interest Income | Net (Premium) Discount Amortization | Reversal of Provision For Credit Losses | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | (Premium) Discount Amortization and Credit Provision | Total Interest Income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential loans | $ | 501,821 | $ | (35,402 | ) | $ | 1,900 | $ | 468,319 | $ | 11,083,447 | 6.04 | % | (0.41 | )% | 5.63 | % | |||||||||||||||
Commercial loans | 2,468 | 141 | (35 | ) | 2,574 | 43,871 | 7.50 | % | 0.32 | % | 7.82 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total loans | $ | 504,289 | $ | (35,261 | ) | $ | 1,865 | $ | 470,893 | $ | 11,127,318 | 6.04 | % | (0.40 | )% | 5.64 | % |
Interest income on residential real estate loans decreased to $116 million and $365 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, from $148 million and $468 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively. This was primarily a result of lower average balances of residential real estate loans. We continue to experience high prepayments (but at a reduced rate compared to 2006) within our existing portfolio of LIBOR-indexed ARMs and had a relatively low level of new loan acquisitions. This decline in balances was only partially offset by increased yields due to increases in the short-term interest rates to which most of the residential real estate loans are indexed.
Our residential real estate loan balance was $7.6 billion at September 30, 2007 and $9.3 billion at December 31, 2006. Of the $7.6 billion residential loan balance at September 30, 2007, 73% were one- and six-month LIBOR adjustable-rate residential loans (LIBOR ARMs). The flat yield curve, which has been flattening since 2005, has led to fast prepayments on existing LIBOR ARMs and caused origination volume of new LIBOR ARMs to significantly decline. The average constant prepayment rate (CPR) for our LIBOR ARMs was 41% in the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and was 46% for all of 2006.
Loan premium amortization expense was $8 million and $31 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, and $11 million and $35 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively. On a percentage basis, loan premium amortization expense for our LIBOR ARMs continues to lag the decrease in our LIBOR ARM residential loan balance. The reason for this anomaly relates to the loan premium amortization method we use for loans acquired prior to July 2004, which represented 37% of the loan balance at September 30, 2007. For these loans, the premium amortization rate is somewhat influenced by prepayments, but is more significantly influenced by short-term interest rates. As short-term rates increase, premium amortization slows; as short-term rates decrease, premium amortization
58
potentially accelerates in a material way. See the Potential for GAAP Earnings Volatility discussion later in this document. For the remainder of the loans (those acquired after July 2004), we use a different accounting method for premium amortization, and as a result, the percentage of amortization is more closely correlated to prepayment rates regardless of changes in short-term interest rates.
During the third quarter of 2007, our provision for credit losses for residential loans was $1.5 million. On a percentage basis, our credit reserve stayed constant at 0.20% of the residential loan balance at September 30, 2007 compared to June 30, 2007, which was a slight reduction from 0.22% at December 31, 2006. Serious delinquencies in residential loans have increased from 0.71% of the current loan balance at December 31, 2006 to 0.74% at September 30, 2007. As the outstanding balance of residential loans on our consolidated balance sheet decreases, and is not replaced by new loans and we continue to charge off loans, our credit reserve as a percentage basis will start to rise again. Delinquencies as a percentage of original balance decreased from 0.21% at December 31, 2006 to 0.20% at September 30, 2007. The percentages shown above for September 30, 2007 exclude $7 million (of principal) delinquencies on loans that were transferred during the quarter from held-for-investment to held-for-sale. The transferred loans are carried at the lower of cost or fair market value on a loan-by-loan basis. In connection with this transfer the credit reserve was reduced by $1 million. There were no held-for-sale residential loans at December 31, 2006.
Interest income on commercial real estate loans decreased by $4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 from the same period last year. The majority of the reduction related to fully reserving for an anticipated loss on a mezzanine commercial loan financing a condominium-conversion project during the first quarter of 2007. Cost over-runs and changing market conditions make it probable that we will not collect any outstanding principal or accrued interest upon completion of the project. The total charge for this loan was $3 million, of which $2 million related to principal and $1 million to accrued interest.
The tables below present the income and yields of the components of our real estate securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
(Dollars in Thousands) | Yield as a Result of | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | |||||||||||||||||||||
IGS |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 35,460 | $ | 1,900 | $ | 37,360 | $ | 2,211,298 | 6.41 | % | 0.34 | % | 6.75 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 1,736 | 60 | 1,796 | 115,844 | 5.99 | % | 0.21 | % | 6.20 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
CDO | 4,505 | 60 | 4,565 | 253,131 | 7.12 | % | 0.09 | % | 7.22 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Total IGS | $ | 41,701 | $ | 2,020 | $ | 43,721 | $ | 2,580,273 | 6.46 | % | 0.31 | % | 6.77 | % | ||||||||||||||
CES |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 20,486 | $ | 18,431 | $ | 38,917 | $ | 698,711 | 11.73 | % | 10.55 | % | 22.28 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 11,186 | 65 | 11,251 | 474,813 | 9.42 | % | 0.05 | % | 9.48 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
CDO | 887 | | 887 | 23,053 | 15.39 | % | | 15.39 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Total CES | $ | 32,559 | $ | 18,496 | $ | 51,055 | $ | 1,196,577 | 10.88 | % | 6.18 | % | 17.07 | % | ||||||||||||||
Total real estate securities | $ | 74,260 | $ | 20,516 | $ | 94,776 | $ | 3,776,850 | 7.87 | % | 2.17 | % | 10.04 | % |
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Yield as a Result of | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 |
Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | |||||||||||||||||||||
IGS |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 22,700 | $ | 2,261 | $ | 24,961 | $ | 1,404,281 | 6.47 | % | 0.64 | % | 7.11 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 2,235 | 107 | 2,342 | 128,355 | 6.97 | % | 0.33 | % | 7.30 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
CDO | 2,876 | 5 | 2,881 | 174,363 | 6.60 | % | 0.01 | % | 6.61 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Total IGS | $ | 27,811 | $ | 2,373 | $ | 30,184 | $ | 1,706,999 | 6.51 | % | 0.56 | % | 7.07 | % | ||||||||||||||
CES |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 18,668 | $ | 15,917 | $ | 34,585 | $ | 641,694 | 11.64 | % | 9.92 | % | 21.56 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 7,832 | (451 | ) | 7,381 | 328,211 | 9.55 | % | (0.55 | )% | 9.00 | % | |||||||||||||||||
CDO | 609 | | 609 | 20,999 | 11.60 | % | | 11.60 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Total CES | $ | 27,109 | $ | 15,466 | $ | 42,575 | $ | 990,904 | 10.95 | % | 6.24 | % | 17.19 | % | ||||||||||||||
Total real estate securities | $ | 54,920 | $ | 17,839 | $ | 72,759 | $ | 2,697,903 | 8.15 | % | 2.64 | % | 10.79 | % |
Yield as a Result of | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | |||||||||||||||||||||
IGS |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 97,168 | $ | 5,670 | $ | 102,838 | $ | 2,043,427 | 6.34 | % | 0.37 | % | 6.71 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 5,302 | 196 | 5,498 | 118,702 | 5.96 | % | 0.22 | % | 6.18 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
CDO | 12,946 | 123 | 13,069 | 248,689 | 6.93 | % | 0.07 | % | 7.01 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Total IGS | $ | 115,416 | $ | 5,989 | $ | 121,405 | $ | 2,410,818 | 6.38 | % | 0.33 | % | 6.71 | % | ||||||||||||||
CES |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 59,076 | $ | 58,388 | $ | 117,464 | $ | 689,272 | 11.43 | % | 11.29 | % | 22.72 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 32,256 | 256 | 32,512 | 452,503 | 9.50 | % | 0.08 | % | 9.58 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
CDO | 2,046 | | 2,046 | 19,940 | 13.68 | % | | 13.68 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Total CES | $ | 93,378 | $ | 58,644 | $ | 152,022 | $ | 1,161,715 | 10.72 | % | 6.73 | % | 17.45 | % | ||||||||||||||
Total real estate securities | $ | 208,794 | $ | 64,633 | $ | 273,427 | $ | 3,572,533 | 7.79 | % | 2.41 | % | 10.20 | % |
Yield as a Result of | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 |
Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | Average Balance | Interest Income | Discount (Premium) Amortization | Total Interest Income | |||||||||||||||||||||
IGS |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 62,016 | $ | 5,411 | $ | 67,427 | $ | 1,354,833 | 6.11 | % | 0.53 | % | 6.64 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 7,187 | 168 | 7,355 | 147,419 | 6.50 | % | 0.15 | % | 6.65 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
CDO | 7,451 | 20 | 7,471 | 167,949 | 5.91 | % | 0.02 | % | 5.93 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Total IGS | $ | 76,654 | $ | 5,599 | $ | 82,253 | $ | 1,670,201 | 6.12 | % | 0.45 | % | 6.57 | % | ||||||||||||||
CES |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 48,897 | $ | 39,992 | $ | 88,889 | $ | 577,563 | 11.29 | % | 9.23 | % | 20.52 | % | ||||||||||||||
Commercial | 18,501 | (1,271 | ) | 17,230 | 265,923 | 9.28 | % | (0.64 | )% | 8.64 | % | |||||||||||||||||
CDO | 1,284 | | 1,284 | 16,560 | 10.34 | % | | 10.34 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Total CES | $ | 68,682 | $ | 38,721 | $ | 107,403 | 860,047 | 10.65 | % | 6.00 | % | 16.65 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total real estate securities | $ | 145,336 | $ | 44,320 | $ | 189,656 | $ | 2,530,248 | 7.65 | % | 2.34 | % | 9.99 | % |
Interest income from IGS increased to $44 million in the three months ended September 30, 2007 as compared to $30 million for the three months ended September 30, 2006, due primarily to portfolio growth. The year over year changes for the nine month periods follow the same trend. The majority of the IGS acquired over the past year were residential, in part because comparably rated commercial securities traded at
60
relatively higher prices and lower yields. In the aggregate, yields for the comparable three months ended September 30, 2007 are lower, while yields for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 are slightly higher, than in the earlier periods.
We acquire many first-loss securities at 25% to 35% of their principal value and other, more senior, credit-enhancement securities at 50% to 100% of their principal value. Many of these securities are priced at a substantial discount to their principal value since future credit losses could reduce or eliminate the principal value of these securities. Our yields on these investments depend on how much principal and interest we eventually collect and how quickly we receive those payments. The faster we collect principal and the longer it takes to realize credit losses, the better it is for our investment returns.
Interest income from our residential CES was $39 million for the three months ended September 30, 2007, a $4 million increase over the same period in 2006. This increase is the result of slightly higher yields and average balances. The high yields continue to be produced from the strong credit performance and faster than anticipated prepayment rates on adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs). ARMs represented (by market value) 50% of our residential CES portfolio at September 30, 2007, and average actual prepayment rates were in excess of 31% in the third quarter of 2007 compared to our initial expectations (at the time of acquisition) of 20% to 25%.
We own residential real estate securities that are backed by option ARMs, which give the borrower the option of making a minimum payment that is less than the amount of interest owed for that loan period. The unpaid interest is added to the loan balance creating negative amortization (neg am). The amount of neg am interest we currently recognize or defer for GAAP purposes on option ARM securities depends on our expectation of collectibility. We currently expect that accumulated neg am interest for securities rated BB and higher will be paid in full. For the third quarter of 2007, we recognized $1 million of neg am interest on securities rated BB and higher. For the third quarter of 2006, we recognized $2 million. During these time periods, we deferred recognition of neg am interest of $1 million, on our unrated and B-rated securities. For these securities we do not currently expect to collect the neg am interest and will recognize this deferred interest if cash is received. Our cumulative deferred neg am interest is $8 million at September 30, 2007. We will continue to monitor and assess these assumptions.
Interest income from our commercial CES was $11 million for the third quarter of 2007, a $4 million increase over the same period in 2006. This increase is primarily the result of a higher average balances. Interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 was a $16 million increase over the same period in 2006 for similar reasons.
The average yield earned on our commercial CES portfolio for the third quarter of 2007 was 9.47%. The yield was low relative to our other CES due to our credit loss assumptions. Similar to residential, commercial CES are acquired at a net discount. Commercial CES generally have a ten year maturity and are not expected to receive principal prepayments prior to maturity. As a result, it will take several years to further observe credit performance and re-assess our loss assumptions. A decrease in loss assumptions would result in higher yields (an increase in discount amortization) while increased loss assumptions would lead to lower yields or impairments.
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The table below presents the interest income, average balances, and yield on our other real estate investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007. We did not hold other real estate investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
(In Thousands) | Interest Income | Average Balance | Yield as a Result of Interest Income | |||||||||
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 | $ | 1,275 | $ | 31,187 | 16.36 | % | ||||||
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 | $ | 4,409 | $ | 37,450 | 15.70 | % |
Other real estate investments consist of residential IOs, NIMs, and residuals. In prior periods, these assets were included in real estate securities. The majority of the interest income was from residuals we purchased in the first nine months of 2007. Since we account for these assets as trading assets, the yield on other real estate investments should be considered in conjunction with the market valuation adjustments recognized through the income statement on these assets during the first nine months of 2007, as discussed further later in this document.
Interest income from cash and cash equivalents was $5 million and $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and $11 million and $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Average cash balances were higher for 2007 as compared to the periods for 2006 as we have higher levels of excess capital in 2007 as compared to 2006. Yields were marginally higher for 2007 as compared to the periods for 2006.
Interest expense consists of interest incurred on consolidated ABS issued from sponsored securitization entities, Redwood debt, and subordinated notes.
The table below presents our interest expense and balances for these components for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||
Interest expense on consolidated ABS issued | $ | 156,222 | $ | 165,251 | ||||
Interest expense on Redwood debt | 5,858 | 9,422 | ||||||
Interest expense on subordinated notes | 3,150 | | ||||||
Total interest expense on total obligations | $ | 165,230 | $ | 174,673 | ||||
Average balance of ABS issued | $ | 10,831,881 | $ | 11,684,412 | ||||
Average balance of Redwood debt | 399,068 | 647,978 | ||||||
Average balance of subordinated notes | 145,813 | | ||||||
Average total obligations | $ | 11,376,762 | $ | 12,332,390 | ||||
Cost of funds of ABS issued | 5.77 | % | 5.66 | % | ||||
Cost of funds of Redwood debt | 5.87 | % | 5.82 | % | ||||
Cost of funds of subordinated notes | 8.64 | % | | |||||
Total cost of funds of obligations | 5.81 | % | 5.67 | % |
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Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||
Interest expense on consolidated ABS issued | $ | 431,709 | $ | 515,531 | ||||
Interest expense on Redwood debt | 59,652 | 13,316 | ||||||
Interest expense on subordinated notes | 7,722 | | ||||||
Total interest expense on total obligations | $ | 499,083 | $ | 528,847 | ||||
Average balance of ABS issued | $ | 10,045,707 | $ | 13,094,871 | ||||
Average balance of Redwood debt | 1,361,136 | 292,129 | ||||||
Average balance of subordinated notes | 120,432 | | ||||||
Average total obligations | $ | 11,527,275 | $ | 13,387,000 | ||||
Cost of funds of ABS issued | 5.73 | % | 5.25 | % | ||||
Cost of funds of Redwood debt | 5.84 | % | 6.08 | % | ||||
Cost of funds of subordinated notes | 8.55 | % | | |||||
Total cost of funds of obligations | 5.77 | % | 5.27 | % |
Total consolidated interest expense decreased to $165 million in the third quarter of 2007 from $175 million in the third quarter of 2006. The primary reason relates to a decline in interest expense on ABS issued.
Interest expense on consolidated ABS decreased by $9 million in the third quarter of 2007 from $165 million in the third quarter of 2006. The reduction in consolidated ABS interest expense was caused by a decline in the average balance of outstanding consolidated ABS issued as a result of prepayments of the loans within these securitization entities. Offsetting some of the decline in balances was the higher cost of funds due to an increase in short-term interest rates as most of our debt and consolidated ABS issued is indexed to one-, three-, or six-months LIBOR. These factors are illustrated in the volume and rate change table below.
The decrease in Redwood debt interest expense of $4 million in the third quarter of 2007 compared to the same period last year was the result of decreased use of Redwood debt to fund loans and securities in the third quarter of 2007. During the first nine months of 2007, Redwood debt interest expense increased over the same period of 2006. The average balance of our outstanding Redwood debt during the first nine months of 2007 increased by $1 billion over the same period last year. This increase represented financing for the acquisition of residential real estate loans (in part, from calling some older Sequoia loan securitizations) and financing for the acquisition of real estate securities during the early part of the year.
Our subordinated notes (issued December 2006 and May 2007) pay interest expense at three month LIBOR plus 225 basis points (2.25%) . The cost of funds accrued on these notes includes the amortization of deal costs.
Total consolidated interest expense decreased to $499 million in the first nine months of 2007 from $529 million in the first nine months of 2006 for the same reasons as previously discussed for the changes in third quarter of 2007 as compared to 2006. Interest expense on consolidated ABS decreased by $84 million in the first nine months of 2007, as compared to the first nine months of 2006. This decline was partially offset by a $46 million increase in interest expense on Redwood debt. There was also an $8 million increase for interest expense on subordinated notes.
The table below illustrates the factors for the reduction in consolidated ABS interest expense.
Change in Interest Expense Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 vs. September 30, 2006 |
||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Volume | Rate | Total Change | |||||||||
Interest expense on ABS | $ | (12,057 | ) | $ | 3,028 | $ | (9,029 | ) | ||||
Interest expense on Redwood debt | (3,619 | ) | 55 | (3,564 | ) | |||||||
Interest expense on subordinated notes | 3,150 | | 3,150 | |||||||||
Total interest expense on total obligation | $ | (12,526 | ) | $ | 3,083 | $ | (9,443 | ) |
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Change in Interest Expense Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 vs. September 30, 2006 |
||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Volume | Rate | Total Change | |||||||||
Interest expense on ABS | $ | (120,042 | ) | $ | 36,220 | $ | (83,822 | ) | ||||
Interest expense on Redwood debt | 48,728 | (2,392 | ) | 46,336 | ||||||||
Interest expense on subordinated notes | 7,722 | | 7,722 | |||||||||
Total interest expense on total obligation | $ | (63,592 | ) | $ | 33,828 | $ | (29,764 | ) |
Note: Volume change is the change in average balance of obligations between periods multiplied by the rate paid in the earlier period. Rate change is the change in rate between periods multiplied by the average outstanding obligations in the current period. Interest expense changes that resulted from changes in both rate and volume were allocated to the rate change amounts shown in the table.
The table below presents the different components of our interest costs on ABS issued for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. ABS issuance premiums are created when ABS are issued at prices greater than principal value, such as interest-only (IO) securities.
Three Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||
ABS issued interest expense | $ | 155,661 | $ | 165,177 | ||||
ABS issued issuance expense amortization | 4,616 | 5,786 | ||||||
Net ABS issued interest rate agreement income | (1,959 | ) | (3,317 | ) | ||||
Net ABS issued issuance premium income amortization | (2,096 | ) | (2,395 | ) | ||||
Total ABS issued interest expense | $ | 156,222 | $ | 165,251 | ||||
Average balance of ABS issued | $ | 10,831,881 | $ | 11,684,412 | ||||
ABS issued interest expense | 5.75 | % | 5.65 | % | ||||
ABS issued issuance expense amortization | 0.17 | % | 0.20 | % | ||||
Net ABS issued interest rate agreement income | (0.07 | )% | (0.11 | )% | ||||
Net ABS issued issuance premium income amortization | (0.08 | )% | (0.08 | )% | ||||
Cost of funds of ABS issued | 5.77 | % | 5.66 | % |
Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||
ABS issued interest expense | $ | 427,566 | $ | 515,018 | ||||
ABS issued issuance expense amortization | 17,365 | 17,772 | ||||||
Net ABS issued interest rate agreement income | (6,963 | ) | (9,975 | ) | ||||
Net ABS issued issuance premium income amortization | (6,259 | ) | (7,284 | ) | ||||
Total ABS issued interest expense | $ | 431,709 | $ | 515,531 | ||||
Average balance of ABS issued | $ | 10,045,707 | $ | 13,094,871 | ||||
ABS issued interest expense | 5.67 | % | 5.24 | % | ||||
ABS issued issuance expense amortization | 0.23 | % | 0.18 | % | ||||
Net ABS issued interest rate agreement income | (0.09 | )% | (0.10 | )% | ||||
Net ABS issued issuance premium income amortization | (0.08 | )% | (0.07 | )% | ||||
Cost of funds of ABS issued | 5.73 | % | 5.25 | % |
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Components of our operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006 are presented in the table below.
Three Months Ended September 30, |
Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Fixed compensation expense | $ | 4,560 | $ | 3,437 | $ | 13,462 | $ | 10,183 | ||||||||
Variable compensation expense | (1,096 | ) | 2,629 | 1,353 | 6,043 | |||||||||||
Equity compensation expense | 2,593 | 2,580 | 9,481 | 8,265 | ||||||||||||
Severance expense | | | 2,380 | | ||||||||||||
Total compensation expense | 6,057 | 8,646 | 26,676 | 24,491 | ||||||||||||
Systems | 2,119 | 1,954 | 5,938 | 5,498 | ||||||||||||
Due diligence | 220 | 384 | 1,005 | 3,503 | ||||||||||||
Office costs | 1,349 | 1,021 | 3,794 | 3,223 | ||||||||||||
Accounting and legal | 1,039 | 626 | 2,178 | 2,903 | ||||||||||||
Other operating expenses | 948 | 824 | 2,695 | 2,456 | ||||||||||||
Total operating expenses | $ | 11,732 | $ | 13,455 | $ | 42,286 | $ | 42,074 |
Total operating expenses of $12 million for the three months ended September 30, 2007 decreased by $1 million as compared to the same period in 2006. This was primarily due to a reduction in compensation expense. There was an increase in fixed compensation due to increased staffing levels in 2007 (from 87 employees at September 30, 2006 to 105 employees at September 30, 2007). Fixed compensation expense includes employee salaries and related employee benefits. This increase was offset by a reversal of variable compensation expense. Variable compensation expense includes employee bonuses which are based on the annual projected adjusted return on equity earned by Redwood and individual performance. This reversal was due to a revision of the projected 2007 net income, and adjusted return on equity due to the third quarter 2007 results. Equity compensation expense primarily includes the expense of equity awards granted to employees and directors.
Total operating expenses of $42 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 were comparable to the same period in 2006. Compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 includes severance charges recorded in the first quarter of 2007 as part of a re-alignment of our commercial operations.
Total realized gains on sales and calls were lower for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 compared to the same periods for 2006. The primary reason for the decrease was lower gains on the sale of securities and interest rate agreements. The gains on the sale of securities were higher due to more favorable market conditions in the 2006 periods.
The table below provides detail of the net realized gains on sales and calls for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Realized gains (losses) on sales of: |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans | $ | (93 | ) | $ | | $ | (127 | ) | $ | (14 | ) | |||||
Real estate securities | 171 | 4,967 | 849 | 8,067 | ||||||||||||
Interest rate agreements | (1,538 | ) | | (451 | ) | 6,217 | ||||||||||
Gains (losses) on sales | (1,460 | ) | 4,967 | 271 | 14,270 | |||||||||||
Gains on calls of residential CES | 3,284 | 723 | 5,437 | 1,470 | ||||||||||||
Total realized gains on sales and calls | $ | 1,824 | $ | 5,690 | $ | 5,708 | $ | 15,740 |
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Included within realized gains (losses) on sales of real estate securities is a gain of $3 million upon the repurchase of Acacia ABS at a discount to its face, which was previously sold to a third party. For consolidation purposes, this repurchase is treated as a debt extinguishment producing the gain.
Valuation adjustments reflect those changes in fair market values of assets that we recognize through our income statement. These include changes in the fair market value of our trading instruments (other real estate investments, non-real estate investments, credit default swaps, and certain interest rate agreements), the write-downs of assets that are impaired under the provisions of EITF 99-20, and the change in the value of our commitments.
The table below provides the components of valuation adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. Other than certain interest rate agreements, we did not have any assets accounted for as trading securities in 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Changes in fair market value of trading instruments |
||||||||||||||||
Other real estate investments |
||||||||||||||||
Residuals | $ | (760 | ) | $ | | $ | (11,620 | ) | $ | | ||||||
NIMs | (2,594 | ) | | (3,891 | ) | | ||||||||||
IOs | 544 | | 1,115 | | ||||||||||||
Total other real estate investments | (2,810 | ) | | (14,396 | ) | | ||||||||||
Derivative financial instruments |
||||||||||||||||
Credit default swaps | (15,412 | ) | (8,475 | ) | (19,318 | ) | (5,230 | ) | ||||||||
Interest rate agreements | (944 | ) | | (52 | ) | (5 | ) | |||||||||
Total derivative financial instruments | (16,356 | ) | (8,475 | ) | (19,370 | ) | (5,235 | ) | ||||||||
Total change in fair market value of trading instruments | (19,166 | ) | (8,475 | ) | (33,766 | ) | (5,235 | ) | ||||||||
Lower of cost or market adjustment on real estate loans | (633 | ) | | (633 | ) | | ||||||||||
Write-downs to fair market value under EITF 99-20 |
(82,894 | ) | (484 | ) | (104,516 | ) | (6,015 | ) | ||||||||
Other write-downs on AFS securities | | | (2,426 | ) | | |||||||||||
Change in value of purchase commitments | (73 | ) | 3,702 | (1,119 | ) | 66 | ||||||||||
Total market value adjustments | $ | (102,766 | ) | $ | (5,257 | ) | $ | (142,460 | ) | $ | (11,184 | ) |
Our portfolio of other real estate investments (OREI) accounted for as trading securities was $25 million at September 30, 2007. Due to the implementation of a new accounting standard, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 155, Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Investments (FAS 155) in the first quarter of 2007, we elected at the end of the first quarter to classify certain securities (IOs, NIMs and residuals) that contain embedded derivatives as trading instruments. Under previous GAAP guidance, we would have classified these securities as available for sale (AFS). The fair market value of these OREI together with our investments in credit default swaps declined during the third quarter as spreads widened considerably as a result of the dislocation of the residential mortgage-backed securities market. We did not own any OREI or credit default swaps at December 31, 2006.
Impairments for accounting purposes on our real estate securities are generally caused by an adverse change in projected cash flows in conjunction with a decrease in the fair market value. We recorded $83 million of impairment on AFS securities in the third quarter of 2007 as we believed that, in addition to the fair market value decrease due to the spread widening described above, the actual future cash flows on those securities were impaired.
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Credit default swaps held in our Acacia securitizations are treated as trading derivative instruments and decreased in fair market value by $15 million during the third quarter of 2007.
The fair market value changes of those interest rate agreements accounted for as trading decreased by $1 million during the third quarter of 2007. All changes in fair market value, whether positive or negative, of these particular interest rate agreements are recognized through the income statement. We use interest rate agreements to manage our interest rate risks, and the changes in the fair market value of the hedged asset or liability are not included in the valuation adjustment. Consequently, our use of interest rate agreements accounted for as trading instruments, could lead to volatile reported earnings even when they are accomplishing the goal of hedging some of our interest rate risks.
Most of our real estate securities are accounted for as AFS and are reported on our consolidated balance sheets at fair market value. Many of our derivative instruments are accounted for as cash flow hedges and are also reported on our consolidated balance sheets at fair market value. The differences between the value of these assets and our amortized cost are shown as a component of stockholders equity as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Periodic changes in the fair market value of these assets relative to amortized cost are included in other comprehensive income (loss).
As a result of the spread widening on real estate securities that occurred during the first nine months of 2007, the fair market value adjustments on AFS assets decreased by $626 million and $814 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in value of our derivative financial instruments of $28 million and $13 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
We generally enter into certain derivative agreements to hedge changes in interest rates not in spreads.
The table below provides the change during the three months ended September 30, 2007 and cumulative balances of unrealized gains and losses and carrying value by type of real estate securities and by IGS and CES at September 30, 2007, June 30, 2007, and December 31, 2006.
Cumulative Unrealized Gain (Loss) | Change in Unrealized Gain (Loss) | Carrying Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Dollars in Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | June 30, 2007 |
December 31, 2006 | Three Month Change September 30, 2007 | Nine Month Change September 30, 2007 | September 30, 2007 | June 30, 2007 |
December 31, 2006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment-Grade Securities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | (401,080 | ) | $ | (81,571 | ) | $ | 5,025 | $ | (319,509 | ) | $ | (406,105 | ) | $ | 1,702,233 | $ | 2,162,946 | $ | 1,697,250 | ||||||||||||
Commercial | (12,647 | ) | (6,884 | ) | 111 | (5,763 | ) | (12,758 | ) | 104,396 | 111,144 | 119,613 | ||||||||||||||||||||
CDO | (69,326 | ) | (21,152 | ) | 2,174 | (48,174 | ) | (71,500 | ) | 175,155 | 234,633 | 224,349 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total IGS | (483,053 | ) | (109,607 | ) | 7,310 | (373,446 | ) | (490,363 | ) | 1,981,784 | 2,508,723 | 2,041,212 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Credit-Enhancement Securities |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residential | (159,213 | ) | 32,806 | 58,015 | (192,019 | ) | (217,228 | ) | 532,445 | 744,975 | 721,531 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Commercial | (78,848 | ) | (23,955 | ) | 21,081 | (54,893 | ) | (99,929 | ) | 395,401 | 450,941 | 448,060 | ||||||||||||||||||||
CDO | (6,000 | ) | (293 | ) | 122 | (5,707 | ) | (6,122 | ) | 16,758 | 21,133 | 21,964 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total CES | (244,061 | ) | 8,558 | 79,218 | (252,619 | ) | (323,279 | ) | 944,604 | 1,217,049 | 1,191,555 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total real estate securities | $ | (727,114 | ) | $ | (101,049 | ) | $ | 86,528 | $ | (626,065 | ) | $ | (813,642 | ) | $ | 2,926,388 | $ | 3,725,772 | $ | 3,232,767 | ||||||||||||
Tax effect of unrealized losses | (2 | ) | 90 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other comprehensive loss real estate securities | $ | (626,067 | ) | $ | (813,552 | ) |
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As a REIT, we are able to pass through substantially all of our earnings generated at our REIT to stockholders without paying income tax at the corporate level. We pay income tax on the REIT taxable income we retain and on the income we earn at our taxable subsidiaries.
Our income tax provision in the first nine months of 2007 was $7 million, a decrease from the $10 million income tax provision recorded for the same period in 2006, primarily due to a decline in net income.
In the first nine months of 2007, we earned an estimated $135 million of total taxable income, or $4.88 per share outstanding. Of this amount, $129 million was earned at the REIT and $6 million was earned at our taxable subsidiaries. Total taxable income is not a measure calculated in accordance with GAAP; it is the pre-tax income calculated for tax purposes. REIT taxable income is that portion of our taxable income that we earn at Redwood Trust and its qualifying REIT subsidiaries and does not include taxable income earned in taxable subsidiaries. Estimated REIT taxable income is an important measure as it is the basis of our required dividend distributions to shareholders.
Taxable income calculations differ from GAAP income calculations in a variety of ways. The most significant differences include the timing of amortization of premium and discounts and the timing of the recognition of gains or losses on assets. The rules for both GAAP and tax accounting for loans and securities are technical and complicated, and the impact of changing interest rates, actual and projected prepayment rates, and actual and projected credit losses can have a very different impact on the amount of GAAP and tax income recognized in any one period. See the discussions under Potential GAAP Earnings Volatility and Potential Tax Earnings Volatility below.
The table below reconciles GAAP income to total taxable income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
(In Thousands, Except per Share Data) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 | Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 | ||||||
GAAP net (loss) income | $ | (60,917 | ) | $ | 32,416 | |||
Difference in taxable income calculations |
||||||||
Amortization and credit losses | 10,426 | 12,558 | ||||||
Operating expense differences | (2,080 | ) | 2,545 | |||||
Realized gains on calls and sales | (3,073 | ) | (1,141 | ) | ||||
Unrealized market valuation adjustments | 102,766 | 484 | ||||||
Income tax provisions | 1,523 | 4,123 | ||||||
Total differences in GAAP/tax income | 109,562 | 18,569 | ||||||
Taxable income | $ | 48,645 | $ | 50,985 | ||||
Shares used for taxable EPS calculations | 27,986 | 26,053 | ||||||
Total taxable income per share | $ | 1.74 | $ | 1.96 |
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(In Thousands, Except per Share Data) | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 | ||||||
GAAP net (loss) income | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | |||
Difference in taxable income calculations |
||||||||
Amortization and credit losses | 31,141 | 30,276 | ||||||
Operating expense differences | (6,714 | ) | 3,861 | |||||
Realized gains on calls and sales | (5,708 | ) | (2,453 | ) | ||||
Unrealized market valuation adjustments | 142,460 | 6,015 | ||||||
Income tax provisions | 4,985 | 6,685 | ||||||
Total differences in GAAP/tax income | 166,164 | 44,384 | ||||||
Taxable income | $ | 134,972 | $ | 136,225 | ||||
Shares used for taxable EPS calculations | 27,986 | 25,668 | ||||||
Total taxable income per share | $ | 4.88 | $ | 5.31 |
Our taxable income estimates are based on a number of assumptions regarding future events. To the extent such events do not occur, or others occur which we have not anticipated, our quarterly estimates could change and could be significantly different quarter over quarter. See the discussion in Potential Tax Income Volatility below.
Our board of directors declared regular dividends of $0.75 per share for each of the four quarters of 2007 and a 2007 special dividend of $2.00 per share. In 2007, as in the past few years, we intend to permanently retain 10% of our taxable REIT income and defer the distribution of a portion of our taxable REIT income to shareholders in the subsequent year. At September 30, 2007, there was $103 million ($3.69 per share) of estimated 2007 undistributed REIT taxable income that we plan to distribute to our shareholders during the remainder of 2007 and first three quarters of 2008.
We continue to be in compliance with all REIT tests. We generally attempt to avoid acquiring assets or structuring financings or sales at the REIT that could generate unrelated business taxable income or excess inclusion income that would be distributed to our shareholders or that would cause prohibited transaction taxes on the REIT. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in doing so.
We expect quarter-to-quarter GAAP earnings volatility for a variety of reasons, including the timing of sales and calls of assets, changes in interest rates, prepayments, credit losses, fair market values of assets, and capital utilization. In addition, volatility may occur because of technical accounting issues, some of which are described below.
Our unamortized loan premium on our consolidated residential real estate loans at September 30, 2007 was $93 million. This will be expensed over the remaining life of these loans. Amortization for a significant portion of this premium balance is driven by effective yield calculations that depend on interest rates and prepayments (see Critical Accounting Policies for further details). Loan premium amortization was $31 million and $35 million in the first nine months of 2007 and 2006, respectively. Declines in short-term interest rates could cause a significant increase in required amortization in subsequent periods.
In addition, premium amortization expense acceleration could occur if we reclassify a portion of the underlying loans from held-for-investment to held-for-sale, as the GAAP carrying value of these loans is currently in excess of their fair market value. This reclassification could occur as the various underlying pools of loans become callable and we decide to sell these loans, or it could occur if there is a change in accounting principles (for example, if we adopt Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial assets of FASB Statement No. 115 (FAS 159) and elect to account for these loans as fair value instruments).
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Currently, all of our IGS and CES are classified as AFS and are carried on our consolidated balance sheets at their estimated fair market value. Cumulative unrealized fair market value gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of stockholders equity. However, adverse changes to projected cash flows related to poor credit performance, adverse changes to prepayment speeds, or our decision to sell assets could create an other-than-temporary impairment for accounting purposes and could cause fair market value losses to be reported through our income statement.
At September 30, 2007, we owned $2.9 billion of securities. Of these, $338 million were backed by subprime loans ($13 million of CES and $325 million of IGS) and $947 million were backed by option ARMs ($132 million of prime CES, $292 million of prime IGS, $104 million of alt-a CES, and $419 million alt-a IGS). In the event future credit performance of these securities is worse than our current projections, we would be required to report losses through our income statement. See the Financial Condition discussion later in this document for further detail on these securities.
Other real estate investments (IOs, NIMs, and residuals) typically contain embedded derivatives that require bifurcation and separate valuation through the income statement under FAS 155. We have elected to treat these investments as trading securities rather than bifurcate the embedded derivative component. Trading securities are required to be reported on our consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair market values with changes in fair market values reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) (through market valuation adjustments). Marking to market the whole trading security rather than the embedded derivative component will likely increase GAAP earnings volatility going forward. Under previous GAAP guidance, we would have classified these securities as available for sale (AFS).
To date, we have elected two classifications for derivative instruments: trading instruments and cash flow hedges. All derivative instruments, regardless of classification, are reported on our consolidated balance sheets at fair market value. Changes to the fair market value of the derivatives classified as trading instruments are recognized through the consolidated statements of income (loss). For those derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges, the changes in fair market values are reported through our consolidated balance sheets with only the ineffective portions (as determined according to the accounting provisions) reported through our income statement.
We could experience significant earnings volatility from our use of derivatives. This could occur, for example, when the recognition in changes in the fair market value of the derivatives are reported through our income statement but changes in the fair market value in the hedged asset or liability are not recognized in a similar manner. Earnings volatility could also occur as we expand our use of derivatives (including acquiring derivatives as investments and not just as hedging instruments).
Taxable income may vary from quarter to quarter based on many reasons, three of which are discussed below.
To determine taxable income we are not permitted to anticipate, or reserve for, credit losses. Taxable income can only be reduced by actual losses. As a consequence, we are required to accrete the entire purchase discount on CES into taxable income over their expected life. For GAAP purposes, we do anticipate credit losses and thus only accrete a portion of the CES discount into income. As a result, our income recognition on CES is faster for tax as compared to GAAP, especially in the early years of owning the assets (when there are generally few credit losses). At September 30, 2007, the cumulative difference between the GAAP and tax amortized costs basis of our residential, commercial, and CDO CES was $138 million. In addition, as of September 30, 2007, we had a credit reserve of $18 million for GAAP on our residential and commercial loans, and none for tax. As we have no credit reserves for tax and a higher CES basis, any future credit losses
70
on our CES or loans would have a more significant impact on tax earnings as compared to GAAP and may create significant taxable income volatility to the extent the level of credit losses varies during periods.
As a result of rapid prepayments, we are experiencing negative economic returns on some IOs we acquired from prior Sequoia securitizations. For tax purposes, however, we are not permitted to recognize a negative yield, so premium amortization expenses for tax have not been as high as they otherwise would have been based on the economic returns. As a result, our current tax bases on these IOs are higher than the fair market values by approximately $50 million. We expect many of our Sequoia securitization entities will become callable over the next two years, and depending on prevailing market conditions, we may call certain securitizations, at which time the remaining IO tax basis will be written off and a loss for tax created. Our taxable earnings will vary from period to period based on the exact timing of these Sequoia calls.
Compensation expense for tax varies depending on the timing of dividend equivalent rights payments, the exercise of stock options, the distribution of deferred stock units, and deferrals to and withdrawals from our executive deferred compensation plan.
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We discuss our business of investing in, financing, and managing real estate loans and securities in each of our earnings asset portfolios below.
We acquire high-quality residential real estate loans on a bulk or flow basis from originators. Prior to 2006, these loan purchases were predominately comprised of short reset LIBOR indexed ARMs (LIBOR ARMs). Since then, we have expanded our residential conduits product offerings to include high-quality hybrid loans (loans with a fixed rate coupon for a period of two to ten years before becoming adjustable). All of the $82 million of acquisitions during the third quarter of 2007 and all the $1.2 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2007 were hybrid loans.
The following table provides details of the activity with respect to our residential real estate loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 8,351,647 | $ | 9,323,935 | ||||
Acquisitions | 81,527 | 1,171,742 | ||||||
Sale proceeds | (13,263 | ) | (15,454 | ) | ||||
Principal repayments | (771,521 | ) | (2,797,139 | ) | ||||
Transfers to REO | (8,828 | ) | (16,926 | ) | ||||
Market valuation adjustment | 590 | 590 | ||||||
Premium amortization | (8,375 | ) | (30,990 | ) | ||||
Provision for credit losses | (1,507 | ) | (5,488 | ) | ||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 7,630,270 | $ | 7,630,270 |
Our residential real estate loan balance declined to $7.6 billion at September 30, 2007 from $8.4 billion at June 30, 2007 and from $9.3 billion at December 31, 2006. Of the balance at September 30, 2007, 73% (by unpaid principal balance) of the loans were one- and six-month LIBOR ARMs. The flattening of the yield curve since 2005 has continued to result in fast prepayments on existing LIBOR ARMs and has caused origination levels of new LIBOR ARMs to decline significantly. The average constant prepayment rate (CPR) for our LIBOR ARMs continues to be at relatively high levels of 40% and 41% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively. In a flat yield curve environment, hybrid or fixed-rate loans are a more attractive loan alternative to a borrower.
Our September 30, 2007 residential loan balance of $7.6 billion was funded almost entirely via securitization (only $6 million was funded with equity). We will either securitize loans through our Sequoia program, sell loans to third parties, or continue to hold loans funded with Redwood debt to earn an interest spread. Our funding decision depends on a number of factors, including our level of excess cash, the cost and availability of securitization financing, and the availability of attractive alternative investment opportunities.
The largest part of our business in terms of capital employed is investing in residential CES. These credit-enhancement securities have credit ratings that are below investment-grade and have both the upside opportunities and downside risks that come from taking on concentrated credit risks.
Our residential CES portfolio had a fair market value of $533 million at September 30, 2007 and $722 million at December 31, 2006. As a result of the concentrated credit risk associated with residential loan CES, we are generally able to acquire these securities at a discount to their face (principal) value. At September 30,
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2007, the difference between the principal value ($1.3 billion) and carrying value ($533 million) which equals fair market value of these residential loan CES was $737 million. Of this difference, $451 million was designated as internal credit reserve (reflecting our estimate of credit losses on the underlying loans over the life of these securities), $127 million represented a purchase discount we are accreting into income over time, and $159 million represented net unrealized mark-to-market losses. Amortized cost (principal value less internal credit reserve less amortized discount) increased $28 million from $664 million at December 31, 2006 to $692 million at September 30, 2007. Net unrealized mark-to-market gains fell by $217 million from gains of $58 million at December 31, 2006 to losses of $159 million at September 30, 2007.
The following table provides detail of the activity with respect to our residential CES for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 744,975 | $ | 721,531 | ||||
Acquisitions | 1,261 | 114,369 | ||||||
Sale proceeds | | (8,506 | ) | |||||
Gains recognized on sales, net | | 252 | ||||||
Principal repayments (including calls) | (42,380 | ) | (121,608 | ) | ||||
Gains recognized on calls, net | 3,205 | 5,080 | ||||||
Discount amortization | 18,435 | 58,390 | ||||||
Transfers to and downgrades from other portfolios, net | 16,857 | 12,377 | ||||||
Change in fair market value adjustments, net | (209,908 | ) | (249,440 | ) | ||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 532,445 | $ | 532,445 |
The $114 million residential CES acquired in the nine months of 2007 was comprised of $59 million prime securities, $51 million alt-a securities, and $4 million subprime securities.
Prime securities are residential mortgage-backed securities backed primarily by high credit quality loans. Many of the loans are jumbos, with loan balances greater than conforming loan limits. Prime securities typically have relatively high weighted average FICO scores (700 or higher), low (75% or less), weighted average loan-to-value ratios (LTV), and limited concentrations of investor properties.
Alt-a securities are residential mortgage-backed securities that have higher credit quality than subprime and lower credit quality than prime. Alt-a originally represented loans with alternative documentation, but has shifted over time to include loans with additional risk characteristics and a higher percentage of investor loans. For example, borrowers income may not be verified, and in some cases, may not be disclosed on the loan application. Expanded criteria also allows for higher debt-to-income ratios with higher accompanying LTV than otherwise would be permissible for prime loans.
Subprime securities are residential mortgage-backed securities backed by loans to borrowers who have impaired credit histories, but who appear to exhibit the ability to repay the current loan. Typically, these borrowers have lower credit scores or other credit deficiencies that prevent them from qualifying for prime or alt-a mortgages. To compensate for the greater risks and higher costs to service these loans, subprime borrowers pay higher interest rates, points, and origination fees. When evaluating the acquisition of CES backed by subprime loans, we use loss assumptions that are significantly higher than those we use for prime loans.
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The following table details our residential CES portfolios by the underlying loan type (prime, alt-a, subprime) and by current credit rating at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
Rating | ||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 (In Millions) |
BB | B | Unrated | Total | ||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 235 | $ | 85 | $ | 89 | $ | 409 | ||||||||
Alt-a | 68 | 16 | 27 | 111 | ||||||||||||
Subprime | 4 | 8 | 1 | 13 | ||||||||||||
Total residential CES | $ | 307 | $ | 109 | $ | 117 | $ | 533 |
Rating | ||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2006 | BB | B | Unrated | Total | ||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 307 | $ | 119 | $ | 129 | $ | 555 | ||||||||
Alt-a | 94 | 23 | 40 | 157 | ||||||||||||
Subprime | 7 | | 3 | 10 | ||||||||||||
Total residential CES | $ | 408 | $ | 142 | $ | 172 | $ | 722 |
The following table details our residential CES portfolios by the product type and collateral vintage at September 30, 2007.
Vintage | ||||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 (In Millions) |
2004 & Earlier | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Total | |||||||||||||||
Prime |
||||||||||||||||||||
Option ARM | $ | 36 | $ | 65 | $ | 27 | $ | 4 | $ | 132 | ||||||||||
ARM | 32 | 5 | | | 37 | |||||||||||||||
Hybrid | 74 | 32 | 52 | 16 | 174 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed | 35 | 15 | 12 | 4 | 66 | |||||||||||||||
Total prime | 177 | 117 | 91 | 24 | 409 | |||||||||||||||
Alt-a |
||||||||||||||||||||
Option ARM | 26 | 16 | 35 | 27 | 104 | |||||||||||||||
ARM | 1 | | | | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Hybrid | 4 | | | | 4 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed | 1 | | | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
Total Alt-a | 32 | 16 | 35 | 28 | 111 | |||||||||||||||
Subprime |
||||||||||||||||||||
Hybrid | | | 2 | | 2 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed | | | 11 | | 11 | |||||||||||||||
Total subprime | | | 13 | | 13 | |||||||||||||||
Total residential CES | $ | 209 | $ | 133 | $ | 139 | $ | 52 | $ | 533 |
The loans underlying all of our residential CES totaled $212 billion (by unpaid principal balance) at September 30, 2007, and consist of $186 billion prime, $21 billion alt-a, and $5 billion subprime. These loans are located nationwide with a large concentration in California (46%). During the first nine months of 2007, realized residential credit losses were $16 million of principal value, a rate that equals one basis point (0.01%) on an annualized basis of the balance of loans. Serious delinquencies (90+ days, in foreclosure, in bankruptcy or REO) at September 30, 2007 were 1.03% of current balance and 0.57% of original balance. For loans in prime pools, delinquencies were 0.45% of current balance and 0.25% of original balance. Alt-a pools had
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delinquencies of 3.10% of current balance and 1.60% of original balance. Subprime loans had delinquencies of 13.76% of current balance and 10.00% of original balance.
We invest in investment-grade residential securities (IGS) backed by prime, alt-a, and subprime residential loans. Our residential investment-grade securities totaled $1.7 billion at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006. The majority of these securities are funded through securitizations under our Acacia program. These IGS are not directly exposed to first-loss credit risk as they benefit from credit-enhancement provided by others securities. The fall in market values of $371 million for the three months ended September 30, 2007 included $47 million of EITF 99-20 cash flow impairments recorded to the consolidated statements of income (loss) as some of the subprime IGS owned by Acacia may now incur credit losses.
The following table provides detail of the activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 2,162,946 | $ | 1,697,250 | ||||
Acquisitions | 153,191 | 956,231 | ||||||
Sale proceeds | (177,947 | ) | (338,536 | ) | ||||
Losses recognized on sales, net | (2,979 | ) | (2,598 | ) | ||||
Principal repayments (including calls) | (46,874 | ) | (124,979 | ) | ||||
Gains recognized on calls, net | 79 | 324 | ||||||
Discount amortization | 1,901 | 5,672 | ||||||
Transfers and downgrades to other portfolios | (16,857 | ) | (30,673 | ) | ||||
Change in fair market value adjustments, net | (371,227 | ) | (460,458 | ) | ||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 1,702,233 | $ | 1,702,233 |
The $956 million IGS acquired in the first nine months of 2007 consisted of $295 million prime, $480 million alt-a, and $181 million subprime. The majority of these securities were acquired for our Acacia program.
The following table details the type of underlying loans (prime, alt-a, subprime) and the current credit rating of our residential IGS as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 | Rating | |||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | AAA | AA | A | BBB | Total | |||||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 36 | $ | 176 | $ | 222 | $ | 239 | $ | 673 | ||||||||||
Alt-a | 250 | 104 | 192 | 158 | 704 | |||||||||||||||
Subprime | 18 | 127 | 106 | 74 | 325 | |||||||||||||||
Total residential IGS | $ | 304 | $ | 407 | $ | 520 | $ | 471 | $ | 1,702 |
December 31, 2006 | Rating | |||||||||||||||||||
AAA | AA | A | BBB | Total | ||||||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 14 | $ | 181 | $ | 243 | $ | 285 | $ | 723 | ||||||||||
Alt-a | 136 | 84 | 106 | 130 | 456 | |||||||||||||||
Subprime | 8 | 127 | 209 | 174 | 518 | |||||||||||||||
Total residential IGS | $ | 158 | $ | 392 | $ | 558 | $ | 589 | $ | 1,697 |
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The following table details our residential CES portfolios by the product type and collateral vintage at September 30, 2007.
September 30, 2007 | Vintage | |||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | 2004 & Earlier | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Total | |||||||||||||||
Prime |
||||||||||||||||||||
Option ARM | $ | 31 | $ | 181 | $ | 57 | $ | 23 | $ | 292 | ||||||||||
ARM | 30 | 10 | 2 | | 42 | |||||||||||||||
Hybrid | 75 | 116 | 40 | 12 | 243 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed | 28 | 14 | 21 | 33 | 96 | |||||||||||||||
Total prime | 164 | 321 | 120 | 68 | 673 | |||||||||||||||
Alt-a |
||||||||||||||||||||
Option ARM | 24 | 37 | 201 | 157 | 419 | |||||||||||||||
ARM | 3 | | | | 3 | |||||||||||||||
Hybrid | 10 | 7 | 35 | 51 | 103 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed | 8 | | 111 | 60 | 179 | |||||||||||||||
Total Alt-a | 45 | 44 | 347 | 268 | 704 | |||||||||||||||
Subprime |
||||||||||||||||||||
ARM | | | | 6 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
Hybrid | 104 | 52 | 32 | 29 | 217 | |||||||||||||||
Fixed | 44 | 21 | 18 | 19 | 102 | |||||||||||||||
Total subprime | 148 | 73 | 50 | 54 | 325 | |||||||||||||||
Total residential IGS | $ | 357 | $ | 438 | $ | 517 | $ | 390 | $ | 1,702 |
The following table details the vintage of the underlying loan collateral behind our subprime IGS at September 30, 2007.
September 30, 2007 | Vintage | |||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | 2004 & Earlier | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Total | |||||||||||||||
IGS |
||||||||||||||||||||
AAA | $ | | $ | 5 | $ | 2 | $ | 11 | $ | 18 | ||||||||||
AA | 45 | 46 | 17 | 19 | 127 | |||||||||||||||
A | 71 | 22 | 4 | 9 | 106 | |||||||||||||||
BBB+ | 28 | | 15 | 7 | 50 | |||||||||||||||
BBB | | | 3 | 4 | 7 | |||||||||||||||
BBB- | 4 | | 9 | 4 | 17 | |||||||||||||||
Total IGS | $ | 148 | $ | 73 | $ | 50 | $ | 54 | $ | 325 |
We have invested in commercial real estate loans since 1998. At September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, commercial real estate loans totaled $26 million and $28 million, respectively. These include mezzanine loans, subordinated (junior or senior lien) loans, and b-notes (b-notes represent a structured commercial real estate loan that retains a higher portion of the credit risk and generates a higher yield than the initial loan). Except for one loan (where we fully reserved for an anticipated loss on a junior mezzanine loan financing a condominium-conversion project), credit performance of our commercial loan portfolio remains strong and in line with our expectations.
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The following table provides activity on our commercial real estate loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||
Commercial real estate loans at beginning of period | $ | 25,827 | $ | 28,172 | ||||
Recognized gains on sales, net | | | ||||||
Principal repayments | (88 | ) | (132 | ) | ||||
Discount amortization | 26 | 73 | ||||||
Provision for credit losses | | (2,348 | ) | |||||
Commercial real estate loans at end of period | $ | 25,765 | $ | 25,765 |
Our total commercial CES was $395 million at September 30, 2007, a decrease from $448 million at December 31, 2006. At September 30, 2007, these securities provided credit enhancement on $65 billion underlying loans on office, retail, multifamily, industrial, and other income-producing properties nationwide.
The following table provides detail of the activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 450,941 | $ | 448,060 | ||||
Acquisitions | | 51,920 | ||||||
Principal repayments (including calls) | | | ||||||
Discount amortization | 65 | 256 | ||||||
Upgrades to investment-grade securities | | (3,501 | ) | |||||
Change in fair market value adjustments, net | (55,605 | ) | (101,334 | ) | ||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 395,401 | $ | 395,401 |
The following table presents the current credit ratings of our commercial CES at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Millions) | Rating | |||||||||||||||
BB | B | Unrated | Total | |||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 | $ | 200 | $ | 85 | $ | 110 | $ | 395 | ||||||||
December 31, 2006 | $ | 224 | $ | 90 | $ | 134 | $ | 448 |
As a result of the concentrated credit risk associated with commercial CES, we are generally able to acquire these securities at a discount to their face (principal) value. The difference between the principal value ($881 million) and carrying value ($395 million) of our commercial CES at September 30, 2007 was $486 million. Of this difference, $310 million was designated as internal credit reserve (reflecting our estimate of likely credit losses on the underlying loans over the life of these securities), $96 million represented a purchase discount we are accreting into income over time, and $80 million represented net unrealized mark-to-market losses.
Seriously delinquent loans underlying commercial CES were $181 million, an increase of $108 million from the previous quarter. The majority of the increase is concentrated in one $86 million loan. Property
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fundamentals of the collateral property for this loan remain adequate and based upon the propertys income and in-place reserves; we do not anticipate a loss on this loan at this time. Of the net remaining $95 million in serious delinquencies, $48 million are contained within one security that we deemed impaired during a prior period. Despite the increase in total serious delinquencies, our loss expectations have not increased incrementally. We consider our credit reserve of $310 million to be adequate as of September 30, 2007.
Our commercial IGS totaled $104 million at September 30, 2007 and $120 million at December 31, 2006.
The following table provides detail of the activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 111,144 | $ | 119,613 | ||||
Acquisitions | 1,990 | 4,954 | ||||||
Sale proceeds | | (6,464 | ) | |||||
Recognized gains on sales, net | | 45 | ||||||
Principal repayments (including calls) | (3,034 | ) | (4,579 | ) | ||||
Discount amortization | 60 | 196 | ||||||
Upgrades from commercial CES | | 3,501 | ||||||
Change in fair market value adjustments, net | (5,764 | ) | (12,870 | ) | ||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 104,396 | $ | 104,396 |
Our balance of commercial IGS has generally been declining over the last several quarters, as we have slowed acquisitions of commercial IGS.
The following table presents the current credit ratings of our commercial investment-grade securities at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
Rating | ||||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | AAA | AA | A | BBB | Total | |||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 | $ | 11 | $ | 2 | $ | 21 | $ | 70 | $ | 104 | ||||||||||
December 31, 2006 | $ | 9 | $ | 2 | $ | 16 | $ | 93 | $ | 120 |
CDOs are a form of securitization in which a diverse portfolio of assets is acquired by a securitization entity that creates and sells securities (CDO securities) in order to fund its asset purchases. We acquire CDO securities created by others as an asset portfolio investment. These CDO securities are generally backed by residential and commercial real estate assets and are generally financed through our CDOs.
At September 30, 2007, our CDO CES totaled $17 million, a decrease from $22 million at December 31, 2006. The change in balance consisted of $5 million in acquisitions, $1 million in downgrades to CDO IGS, and a negative $9 million change of fair market value recognized through other comprehensive income (loss).
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The following tables present the credit ratings of our CDO CES at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
Rating | ||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | BB | B | Unrated | Total | ||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 | $ | 14 | $ | | $ | 3 | $ | 17 | ||||||||
December 31, 2006 | $ | 14 | $ | | $ | 8 | $ | 22 |
At September 30, 2007, our CDO IGS totaled $175 million, a decrease of $49 million from the December 31, 2006 balance of $224 million. During the first nine months of 2007, acquisitions of CDO investment-grade securities were $41 million, downgrades from CDO IGS to CDO CES were $1 million, and mark-to-market adjustments were negative $87 million.
The following table presents the credit ratings of our CDO IGS at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
Rating | ||||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | AAA | AA | A | BBB | Total | |||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 | $ | 61 | $ | 22 | $ | 39 | $ | 53 | $ | 175 | ||||||||||
December 31, 2006 | $ | 66 | $ | 30 | $ | 52 | $ | 76 | $ | 224 |
Our other real estate investments totaled $25 million at September 30, 2007. There were no assets classified as other real estate investments at December 31, 2006.
The following table represents the activity within other real estate investments during the first three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 34,168 | $ | | ||||
Acquisitions | | 40,790 | ||||||
Sale proceeds | | (2,237 | ) | |||||
Principal repayments (including calls) | (3,957 | ) | (12,337 | ) | ||||
Discount amortization | (2,102 | ) | (4,738 | ) | ||||
Transfers from other portfolios | | 18,296 | ||||||
Change in fair market value adjustments, net | (2,809 | ) | (14,474 | ) | ||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 25,300 | $ | 25,300 |
Acquisitions during the first nine months of 2007 were $41 million, which consisted of $21 million of alt-a securities and $20 million of subprime securities. Of the $14 million of negative value change in other real estate investments for the first nine months of 2007, $5 million related to investments acquired prior to this year, which were reclassified into this portfolio in the first quarter of 2007.
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The following table presents the current credit ratings of our other real estate investments at September 30, 2007.
Rating | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Millions) | AAA | AA | A | BBB | BB | B | Unrated | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 | $ | 2 | $ | | $ | 8 | $ | 3 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 8 | $ | 25 |
We use repurchase (repo) agreements and our Madrona commercial paper facility to finance certain of our residential real estate loans. We may securitize those loans in the future or continue to fund them with debt. We also use warehouses and repo agreements to finance securities. To date, the warehouses have limited recourse to Redwood, whereas other Redwood debt facilities have full recourse to us. Redwood debt is secured by pledges of our loans and securities. The table below shows the amount of debt outstanding by facility at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 |
||||||
Loans |
||||||||
Repo agreements | $ | | $ | 959,139 | ||||
Madrona commercial paper facility | | 300,000 | ||||||
Securities |
||||||||
Repo agreements | 39,378 | | ||||||
Acacia warehouses | | 597,069 | ||||||
Total Redwood debt | $ | 39,378 | $ | 1,856,208 |
In the last few years, we generally used Redwood debt to fund the acquisition of loans and securities on a temporary basis prior to their sale to a securitization entity. We are more frequently acquiring these assets as a longer-term investment that we intend to fund on an ongoing basis with Redwood debt.
Redwood has securitized the majority of the assets shown on its consolidated balance sheets. In a securitization, Redwood sells assets to a securitization entity that creates and sells asset-backed securities (ABS) in order to fund its asset purchases. The residential whole loan securitization entities Redwood sponsors are called Sequoia and the CDO securitization entities Redwood sponsors are called Acacia. These securitization entities are bankruptcy-remote from Redwood, so that Redwoods liabilities cannot become liabilities of the securitization entity and the ABS issued by the securitization entity cannot become obligations of Redwood. Nevertheless, since, according to accounting definitions, we control these securitization entities, we show both the assets and liabilities of these entities on our consolidated balance sheets. At September 30, 2007, our consolidated balance sheets included $10.4 billion of assets (a combination of securities fair market value and loans at amortized cost) owned by the securitization entities (92% of total consolidated assets) and included $10.8 billion of liabilities (all at amortized cost) of the securitization entities (98% of total consolidated liabilities).
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The following table provides detail of the activity for asset-backed securities (ABS) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | June 30, 2007 |
New Issuance |
Paydowns | (Gain) on ABS Payoff |
Amortization | September 30, 2007 |
||||||||||||||||||
Sequoia ABS issued with principal value, net | $ | 7,192,255 | $ | 884,432 | $ | (734,679 | ) | $ | | $ | (2,799 | ) | $ | 7,339,209 | ||||||||||
Sequoia ABS interest only issued | 51,187 | | | | (8,499 | ) | 42,688 | |||||||||||||||||
Acacia issued ABS with principal value, net | 3,409,297 | | (8,950 | ) | (3,150 | ) | 94 | 3,397,291 | ||||||||||||||||
Acacia ABS CES issued | 22,730 | | | | 610 | 23,340 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total ABS issued | $ | 10,675,469 | $ | 884,432 | $ | (743,629 | ) | $ | (3,150 | ) | $ | (10,594 | ) | $ | 10,802,528 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | December 31, 2006 |
New Issuance |
Paydowns | (Gain) on ABS Payoff |
Amortization | September 30, 2007 |
||||||||||||||||||
Sequoia ABS issued with principal value, net | $ | 7,595,003 | $ | 2,793,290 | $ | (3,040,720 | ) | $ | | $ | (8,364 | ) | $ | 7,339,209 | ||||||||||
Sequoia ABS interest only issued | 74,548 | | | | (31,860 | ) | 42,688 | |||||||||||||||||
Acacia issued ABS with principal value, net | 2,294,629 | 1,417,597 | (312,066 | ) | (3,150 | ) | 281 | 3,397,291 | ||||||||||||||||
Acacia ABS CES issued | 15,044 | 6,470 | | | 1,826 | 23,340 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total ABS issued | $ | 9,979,224 | $ | 4,217,357 | $ | (3,352,786 | ) | $ | (3,150 | ) | $ | (38,117 | ) | $ | 10,802,528 |
Generally, when we securitize assets, as opposed to owning them directly and funding them with Redwood debt and equity, our reported cost of funds is higher (the cost of ABS securities issued is generally higher than that of our debt) but we utilize less equity capital. As a result, our return on equity may increase after securitization. In addition, liquidity risks are generally reduced or eliminated, as the Redwood debt associated with the accumulation of these assets during their accumulation is paid off following securitization.
In December 2006, we issued $100 million of subordinated notes (trust preferred securities) through Redwood Capital Trust I, a wholly-owned Delaware statutory trust, in a private placement transaction. These trust preferred securities require quarterly distributions at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% until the notes are redeemed in whole, which will be no later than January 30, 2037. The earliest optional redemption date without a penalty is January 30, 2012.
In May 2007, we issued $50 million of subordinated notes which require quarterly distributions at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% until the notes are redeemed in whole, which will be no later than July 30, 2037. The earliest optional redemption date without a penalty is July 30, 2012.
In our internal risk-adjusted capital calculations, we include these subordinated notes in our capital base.
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We currently have three kinds of derivative instruments; interest rate agreements, commitments to purchase, and credit default swaps. All derivatives are reported on our balance sheet at fair market value. Changes in the fair market values of derivatives are either recorded through our consolidated statements of income (loss) or through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated balance sheets.
We enter into interest rate agreements to help manage some of our interest rate risks. We enter into these agreements with highly rated counterparties and maintain certain risk management policies limiting our exposure concentrations to any counterparty. At September 30, 2007, we were party to interest rate agreements with an aggregate notional value of $2.5 billion and a net positive fair market value of $11 million. At December 31, 2006, we were party to interest rate agreements with an aggregate notional value of $3.0 billion and a net positive fair market value of $21 million.
At September 30, 2007, we had no outstanding commitments to purchase residential real estate loans. At December 31, 2006, we had commitments to purchase $81 million residential real estate loans with an estimated value of negative $0.2 million. Purchase commitments have zero value at the date of the commitment so any changes in value during the quarter are recognized through our income statements. Once the loans are purchased, the value of the purchase commitment adjusts our cost basis in the loans.
We entered into our first credit default swaps in the first quarter of 2007. At September 30, 2007 we had a $83 million notional balance worth negative $20 million. The swaps have zero value at purchase, so the entire change in value was recognized through our income statement during the first nine months of 2007.
Our reported book value at September 30, 2007 was $5.32 per share, a decrease from $37.51 per share at the beginning of the year. Our book value per share decreased over this period primarily as a result of declines in the net fair market value of the assets consolidated on our balance sheets. See Mark-to-Market Adjustment Discussion in Managements Discussion and Analysis section.
We use cash to fund our operations and securitization activities, invest in earning assets, service and repay Redwood debt, fund working capital, and fund our dividend distributions. One primary source of cash is principal and interest payments received on a monthly basis from real estate loans and securities. Other sources of cash include proceeds from sales of assets to securitizations entities, proceeds from sales of other assets, proceeds from calls of securities, borrowings, and issuance of equity and debt. For further details, see Capital and Liquidity discussion in the Summary section of Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The table below presents our contractual obligations and commitments as of September 30, 2007, as well as the obligations of the securitization entities that we sponsored and are consolidated on our balance sheets. The operating leases are commitments that are expensed based on the terms of the related contracts.
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Payments Due or Commitment Expiration by Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Total | Less Than 1 Year |
1 to 3 Years |
3 to 5 Years |
After 5 Years |
|||||||||||||||
Redwood Obligations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Redwood debt | $ | 39,378 | $ | 39,378 | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||||
Subordinated notes | 150,000 | | | | 150,000 | |||||||||||||||
Accrued interest payable | 2,027 | 2,027 | | | | |||||||||||||||
Operating leases | 15,769 | 1,546 | 3,375 | 3,687 | 7,161 | |||||||||||||||
Purchase commitments | | | | | | |||||||||||||||
Total Redwood obligations and commitments | $ | 207,174 | $ | 42,951 | $ | 3,375 | $ | 3,687 | $ | 157,161 | ||||||||||
Obligations of Securitization Entities: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated asset-backed securities* | $ | 10,802,528 | $ | | $ | | | $ | 10,802,528 | |||||||||||
Accrued interest payable | 61,150 | 61,150 | | | | |||||||||||||||
Total obligations of securitization entities | $ | 10,863,678 | $ | 61,150 | $ | | $ | | $ | 10,802,528 | ||||||||||
Total consolidated obligations and commitments | $ | 11,070,852 | $ | 104,101 | $ | 3,375 | $ | 3,687 | $ | 10,959,689 |
* | All consolidated ABS issued are collateralized by associated assets and, although the stated maturity is as shown, the ABS obligations will pay down as the principal of the associated real estate loans or securities pay down. |
We seek to manage the risks inherent in our business including but not limited to credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, and fair market value risk in a prudent manner designed to enhance our earnings and dividends and preserve our capital. In general, we seek to assume risks that can be quantified from historical experience, to actively manage such risks, and to maintain capital levels consistent with these risks.
Integral to our core business is assuming the credit risk of real estate loans primarily through the ownership of residential and commercial real estate loans and securities. Much of our capital base is employed in owning credit-enhancement securities that have below investment-grade credit ratings due to their concentrated credit risks with respect to underlying real estate loans. We believe that many of the loans underlying these securities are above-average in credit quality as compared to U.S. real estate loans in general, but the balance and percentage of loans with special risk factors (higher risk commercial loans, interest-only and negative amortization residential loan types, and alt-a and subprime residential loans) has increased and continue to increase. We also own a wide variety of residential and commercial real estate loans of various quality grades that are not securitized.
Credit losses from any of the loans in securitized loan pools reduce the principal value of and economic returns on the lower-rated securities in these pools. Credit losses on real estate loans can occur for many reasons, including: poor origination practices; fraud; faulty appraisals; documentation errors; poor underwriting; legal errors; poor servicing practices; weak economic conditions; decline in the value of homes, businesses, or commercial properties; special hazards; earthquakes and other natural events; over-leveraging of the borrower or on the property; reduction in market rents and occupancies and poor property management practices; changes in legal protections for lenders; reduction in personal incomes; job loss; and personal events such as divorce or health problems. In addition, if the U.S. economy or the housing market weakens, our credit losses could increase beyond levels that we have anticipated. Credit losses on real estate loans can vary for reasons not related to the general economy.
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With respect to most of the loans securitized by securitization entities sponsored by us and for a portion of the loans underlying residential loan CES we have acquired from securitizations sponsored by others, the interest rate is adjustable. Accordingly, when short-term interest rates rise, required monthly payments from homeowners may rise under the terms of these ARMs, and this may increase borrowers delinquencies and defaults.
We also acquire credit-enhancement securities backed by negative amortization adjustable-rate loans made to residential borrowers, some of which are prime-quality loans while many are alt-a quality loans (and a few are subprime loans). We invest in these riskier loan types with the expectation of significantly higher delinquencies and losses as compared to regular amortization loans, but believe these securities offer us the opportunity to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns as a result of attractive pricing and the manner in which these securitizations are structured. Nevertheless, there remains substantial uncertainty about the future performance of these assets.
The large majority of the commercial loans we credit-enhance are fixed-rate loans, some of which are interest-only loans. In general, these loans are not fully amortizing and therefore require balloon payments at maturity. Consequently, we could be exposed to credit losses at the maturity of these loans if the borrower is unable to repay or refinance the borrowing with another third party lender.
We will experience credit losses on residential and commercial loans and CES, and to the extent the losses are consistent with the amount and timing of our assumptions, we expect to earn attractive returns on our investments. We manage our credit risks by understanding the extent of the risk we are taking and insuring the appropriate underwriting criteria are met, and we utilize systems and staff to continually monitor the ongoing credit performance of each loan and security. To the extent we find the credit risks on specific assets are changing adversely, we will take actions (including selling the assets) to mitigate potential losses. However, we may not always be successful in foreseeing adverse changes in credit performance or in effectively mitigating future credit losses.
In addition to residential and commercial CES, the Acacia entities we sponsor own investment-grade and other securities issued by securitization entities that are sponsored by others. These securities are typically rated AAA through B, and are in a second-loss or better position or are otherwise effectively more senior in the credit structure in comparison to first-loss CES or their equivalent. A risk we face with respect to these securities is that we do not generally control or influence the underwriting, servicing, management, or loss mitigation with respect to these underlying loans.
The Acacia entities also own securities backed by subprime and alt-a residential loans that have substantially higher credit risk characteristics than prime-quality loans. Consequently, we can expect these lower-quality loans to have higher rates of delinquency and loss, and if such losses differ from our assumptions, Acacia (and thus Redwood) could suffer losses.
In addition to the foregoing, the Acacia entities own certain investment-grade, BB-rated, and B-rated residential loan securities purchased from the Sequoia securitization entities we sponsor.
These securities owned by Acacia are generally less likely to suffer credit losses than other securities since credit losses ordinarily would not occur until cumulative credit losses within the pool of securitized loans exceed the principal value of the subordinated CES underneath and other credit protections have been exhausted. However, if the pools of residential and commercial loans underlying these securities were to experience poor credit results, these Acacia securities could have their credit ratings downgraded, could suffer losses in fair market value, or could experience principal losses. If any of these events occurs, it would likely reduce our returns from the Acacia CDO equity securities we have acquired and may reduce our ability to sponsor Acacia transactions in the future.
Interest rates and the shape of the yield curve can affect the cash flows and fair market values of our assets, liabilities, and interest rate agreements, and consequently, affect our earnings and reported equity. Our general strategy with respect to interest rates is to maintain an asset/liability posture (including hedges) on a consolidated basis that assumes some interest rate risks but not to such a degree that the achievement of our
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long-term goals would likely be affected by changes in interest rates. Accordingly, we are willing to accept short-term volatility of earnings and changes in our reported equity in order to accomplish our goal of achieving attractive long-term returns.
To implement our interest rate risk strategy, we may use interest rate agreements in an effort to maintain a close match between pledged assets and Redwood debt, as well as between the interest rate characteristics of the assets in the securitization entities and the corresponding ABS issued. However, we do not attempt to completely hedge changes in interest rates, and at times, we may be subject to more interest rate risk than we generally desire in the long term. Changes in interest rates will have an impact on the values and cash flows of our assets and corresponding liabilities.
We seek to maintain an asset/liability posture that benefits from investments in prepayment-sensitive assets while limiting the risk of adverse prepayment fluctuations to an amount that, in most circumstances, can be absorbed by our capital base while still allowing us to make regular dividend payments.
Prepayments affect GAAP earnings in the near-term primarily through the timing of the amortization of purchase premium and discount and through triggering fair market value write-downs. For example, amortization income from discount assets may not necessarily offset amortization expense from premium assets, and vice-versa. In addition, variations in current and projected prepayment rates for individual assets and changes in interest rates (as they affect projected coupons on ARMs and other assets and thus change effective yield calculations) may cause net premium amortization expense or net discount amortization income to vary substantially from quarter to quarter. Moreover, the timing of premium amortization on assets may not always match the timing of the premium amortization on liabilities even when the underlying assets and liabilities are in the same securitization and pay down at the same rate.
With respect to securities backed by residential mortgage loans (and in particular, IO securities), changes in prepayment forecasts by market participants could affect the market prices of those securities sold by securitization entities, and thus could affect the profits we earn from securitized assets.
Prepayment risks also exist in the assets and associated liabilities consolidated on our balance sheets. In general, discount securities (such as CES) benefit from faster prepayment rates on the underlying real estate loans while premium securities (such as IO securities) benefit from slower prepayments on the underlying loans. Our largest current potential exposure to changes in prepayment rates is on short-term residential ARM loans. We are currently biased in favor of faster prepayment speeds with respect to the long-term economic effect of ARM prepayments. However, in the short-term, increases in ARM prepayment rates could result in GAAP earnings volatility.
Through our ownership of discount residential loan CES backed by fixed rate and hybrid residential loans, we generally benefit from faster prepayments on those underlying loans. Prepayment rates for those loans typically accelerate as medium-and-long-term interest rates decline.
Our credit results and risks can also be affected by prepayments. For example, credit risks for the CES we own are reduced each time a loan prepays. All other factors being equal, faster prepayment rates should reduce our credit risks on our existing portfolio.
We caution that prepayment rates are difficult to predict or anticipate, and variations in prepayment rates can materially affect our earnings and dividends. ARM prepayment rates, for example, are driven by many factors, one of which is the steepness of the yield curve. As the yield curve flattens (short-term interest rates rise relative to longer-term interest rates), ARM prepayments typically increase.
We do not believe it is possible or desirable to control the effects of prepayments in the short-term. Consequently, our general approach is to seek to balance overall characteristics of our balance sheet so that the net present values of cash flows generated over the life of the assets and liabilities in our consolidated portfolios do not materially change as prepayment rates change.
The consolidated securities are accounted for as available-for-sale and are generally marked-to-market through our balance sheets and not through our income statement. Some of these assets are credit-sensitive,
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and all are interest-rate sensitive. Fair market value fluctuations of these assets can affect reported stockholders equity. Most of these securities are owned by securitization entities we sponsor and fair market value fluctuations on these securities do not have an impact on our liquidity. Fair market value fluctuations on securities we own and fund with short-term debt (generally prior to securitization) could have an impact on our liquidity. Our earnings could be affected by adverse changes in fair market values on all securities we own or consolidate to the extent there is an accompanying adverse change in projected cash flows. In these cases, the negative changes in fair market values are reported through our income statement. See also discussion of Mark-to-Market Adjustments in Managements Discussion and Analysis.
Beginning in the first quarter of 2007, we classified other real estate investments as trading instruments. Changes in the fair market values of these investments are recognized through our income statement. Thus, changes in fair market values may add to the quarterly volatility of our earnings. This could occur whether these instruments are hedged or are financed with non-recourse debt.
Most of our consolidated real estate loans are accounted for as held-for-investment and reported at amortized cost. Most of these loans have been sold to Sequoia entities and, thus, changes in the fair market value of the loans do not have an impact on our liquidity. However, changes in fair market values during the accumulation period (while these loans are funded with Redwood debt before they are sold to a Sequoia entity) may have a short-term effect on our liquidity. We may own some real estate loans accounted for as held-for-sale and adverse changes in their value would be recognized through our income statement and may have an impact on our ability to obtain financing for them.
Our consolidated obligations consist primarily of ABS issued. These are reported at amortized cost. Generally, changes in fair market value of ABS issued have no impact on our liquidity. However, because many of our consolidated assets funded with ABS issued are reported at fair market value, the resulting reported net equity may not necessarily reflect the true net fair market value of assets and liabilities in these securitization entities. Specifically, we mark-to-market most of the assets and derivatives owned by the Acacia entities, but none of Acacias liabilities. If fair market values for Acacias assets declined sufficiently, we could be required to record balance sheet charges in excess of the total maximum economic amount that Redwood actually has invested. Conversely, we would not be able to reflect an offsetting improvement in Acacia liability fair market value changes in our consolidated financial statements. These fair market value changes may not affect the cash flows we expect to earn from our Acacia investments, however.
We hold some assets funded with short-term debt that is recourse to Redwood. At some point, this may increase our fair market value and liquidity risks. We manage these risks by maintaining what we believe to be conservative capital levels under our internal risk-adjusted capital and risk management policies and by ensuring we have a variety of financing facilities available to fund each of our assets.
Virtually all of our consolidated assets and liabilities are financial in nature. As a result, changes in interest rates and other factors drive our performance far more than does inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates.
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our activities and balance sheets are measured with reference to historical cost or fair market value without considering inflation.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The critical accounting policies and the possible effect of changes in estimates on our financial results and statements are discussed below. Management discusses the ongoing development and selection of these critical accounting policies with the audit committee of the board of directors.
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When recognizing revenue on consolidated earning assets, we employ the effective yield method and use assumptions about the future to determine an effective yield that drives amortization of premiums, discounts, and other net capitalized fees and costs associated with purchasing and financing real estate loans and securities.
For consolidated real estate loans, the effective yield method is applied as prescribed under FAS 91. For loans acquired prior to July 2004, we apply the existing interest rate at the reporting date rate to determine the effective yield for each pool of loans. During a period of rising short-term rates, the coupon is projected to increase, resulting in a higher effective yield. Under those circumstances, prior to the coupon rate resetting (generally one to six months for these loans), the amount of amortization is lower than it will be once the coupon rate resets. Consequently, for the past two years, as short-term rates increased, the amount of purchase premium we amortized was less than it would have been in a flat interest rate environment. With lower premium amortization expenses as a result of rising interest rates combined with rapid prepayments, our cost bases have increased on our remaining loans. The cost bases in these loans continues to exceed their estimated fair market values.
For loans acquired after July 1, 2004, we use the initial coupon interest rate of the loans (without regard to future changes in the underlying indices) and anticipated principal payments on a pool basis to calculate an effective yield and to amortize the premium or discount. Any volatility in amortization expense is dependent primarily on prepayments. The cost bases of these loans are approximately equal to their fair market values.
For discount amortization on our consolidated securities, an effective yield is applied by projecting cash flows that incorporate assumptions of credit losses, prepayment speeds, and interest rates over the remaining life of each asset. If our assumptions prove to be accurate, then the yield that we recognize in the current period will remain the same over the life of the security. We constantly review and update as necessary our assumptions and resulting cash flow projections based on historical performance, input and analyses received from external sources, internal models, and our own judgment and experience. There can be no assurance that our assumptions used to generate future cash flows will prove to be accurate or that these estimates will not change materially.
The majority of our discount amortization is generated from residential and commercial CES purchased at a significant discount to par value. Discount balances equal to the credit losses that we expect to incur are set aside as a form of credit reserve and are not amortized into income. The level of this reserve is based upon our assessment of various factors including economic conditions, characteristics and delinquency status of the underlying loans, past performance of similar loans, and other factors. Thus, when credit losses do occur, they are recorded against this reserve and there is no income statement impact at that time. The difference between the amount of our total discount and the credit reserve is the accretable discount. The accretable discount represents the amount of discount amortization that we expect to recognize into income over the remaining life of the assets. As we update our estimate of future credit losses, increases in projected losses will increase the discount set aside as reserve resulting in less accretable discount for amortization into income and lower portfolio yields. In contrast, lower credit loss projections will decrease the reserve and increase the accretable discount balance, increasing our CES discount amortization and resulting in higher portfolio yields.
The timing of projected receipt of cash flows from our CES is also an important driver in the effective yield. Slower actual or projected prepayment speeds will cause projected receipt of cash flows to be delayed and will reduce the rate of CES discount accretion resulting in a lower yield for the portfolio. An increase in actual or projected prepayment speeds will generally result in a higher portfolio yield as a result of increased CES discount amortization.
We apply the effective yield method in determining amortization for the sales premium and deferred asset-backed securities issuance cost for ABS issued. ABS sales premium is recognized through our income
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statement as a reduction in interest expense and the issuance cost amortized as additional interest expense over the life of the ABS issued. Similar to our securities discount amortization, the use of this method requires us to project cash flows over the remaining life of each liability. These projections are primarily impacted by forecasted prepayment rates of the related assets. If prepayment speeds are faster than modeled, the average life of the liability will shorten, and we will recognize the ABS sales premium as expense at a faster rate, and increasing net income. If prepayment speeds are slower than expected, the average life of the liability will lengthen, and it will take us longer to recognize the ABS sales premium. For the deferred asset-backed securities issuance costs, faster prepayments will result in faster amortization and an increase in interest expense while slower prepayments will result in slower amortization and a decrease in interest expense.
We report our securities at fair market value on our consolidated balance sheets. We believe that the estimates of fair market value we use reflect fair market values that we may be able to obtain should we choose to sell assets. Our estimates, however, are inherently subjective in nature and involve matters of uncertainty and judgment in interpreting relevant market and other data. Because we are also active acquirers, an issuer of debt securities, and an occasional seller of assets, we believe that we have the ability to understand and determine changes in assumptions that are taking place in the marketplace and make appropriate changes in our assumptions for valuing assets. However, changes in perceptions regarding future events in spreads used to price assets can have a material impact on the fair market values of our assets. Should such changes occur, there could be significant decreases in the fair market values of these assets.
Our fair market values reflect what we believe we could realize if we chose to sell our securities. However, most of our securities (in particular our CES and CDO investments) are generally illiquid. Consequently, establishing fair market values for these securities is inherently subjective and is dependent upon modeling assumptions and indications of value obtained from brokers or dealers. As a consequence of limited trading visibility during the quarter and the significant uncertainties regarding credit loss levels, the fair market values underpinning our market valuation adjustments are based on facts that are far less certain than has historically been the case in prior periods. We expect that the market valuations will continue to be highly volatile over time.
To establish fair market values at September 30, 2007, we relied heavily on indications of value (marks) from dealers, and to a lesser extent, on values derived from our internal cash flow modeling. We received third party dealer marks on 89% of the number of securities reflected on our balance sheet, and with respect to the remaining 11% for which we did not receive third party dealer marks, we used our internal model to establish fair value.
We compared all of the dealers marks to our internal model for reasonableness. As a result of this process, we accepted some of these marks as an indication of fair value and rejected others. If we rejected the dealer mark, we used our internal model. It is likely that most of the dealer marks we received this period were based on pricing models and not on actual trade information. The third parties we receive information from are active participants in these markets. Their indications of values are based on a variety of assumptions they do not share and may prove to be inaccurate.
In only 3% of the cases in which we had a third party dealer mark did we value securities above the dealer mark. For these 3%, the difference between the lower dealer marks and our higher internal marks was $9.6 million at September 30, 2007.
Generally, changes in the fair market value of real estate securities are reported through equity. However, it is possible that decreases in fair market values of real estate securities could be reported through the income statement. See the discussion on other-than-temporary impairments below. Changes in the fair market value of other real estate investments are reported through current period earnings as these are treated as trading securities. Total income recognized in current period earnings on these investments equals coupon interest earned plus or minus change in fair market value. Interest income is equal to the instruments yields based on market expectations.
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Increases in our credit loss assumptions or changes in projected prepayment rates could result in an adverse change in the net present value of expected cash flows. If we have an adverse change in projected cash flows and also the fair market value of that asset is less than our amortized cost, we have an other-than-temporary impairment. The basis of the asset is written down to fair market value through our consolidated statements of income (loss). Fair market value write-downs of this type could be substantial, reducing GAAP income and causing a loss. However, for securitized assets, reductions in fair market values may not affect our cash flows or investment returns at all, or may not affect them to the degree implied by the accounting write-down.
For consolidated real estate loans held-for-investment, we establish and maintain credit reserves that we believe represent probable credit losses that will result from intrinsic losses existing in our pool of consolidated real estate loans held-for-investment as of the date of the financial statements. The reserves for credit losses are adjusted by taking provisions for credit losses recorded as a reduction in interest income on real estate loans on our consolidated statements of income (loss). The reserves consist of estimates of specific loan impairment and estimates of collective losses on pools of loans with similar characteristics.
To calculate the reserve for credit losses for real estate loans, we determine intrinsic losses by applying loss factors (default, the timing of defaults, and the loss severity upon default) that can be specifically applied to each pool of loans and estimate expected losses of each pool over their expected lives. Once we determine the loss factors, we then estimate the timing of these losses and the losses probable to occur over an effective loss confirmation period. This period is defined as the range of time between the probable occurrence of a credit loss (such as the initial deterioration of the borrowers financial condition) and the confirmation of that loss (the actual charge-off of the loan). The losses expected to occur within the estimated loss confirmation period are the basis of our credit reserves because we believe those losses exist as of the reported date of the financial statements.
We do not maintain a loan repurchase reserve, as any risk of loss due to loan repurchases (i.e., due to breach of representations) would normally be covered by recourse to the companies from whom we acquired the loans.
We use derivative instruments to manage certain risks such as interest rate risk and fair market value risks. We may also acquire derivative financial instruments as investments. Derivative instruments are reported on our consolidated balance sheets at their fair market value. If a derivative instrument has a positive fair market value, it is reported as an asset. If the fair market value is negative, the instrument is reported as a liability.
Changes in fair market values of derivative instruments are reported either through the income statement or through our equity. For derivatives accounted for as trading instruments, all changes in the fair market values are recognized through the income statement. For interest rate agreements (a type of derivative) accounted for as a cash flow hedge, most of the changes in fair market values are recorded in our balance sheet through equity. Only the ineffective portions (as determined according to the accounting principle) of the derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges are included in income.
Using derivatives may increase our earnings volatility, as the accounting results for derivatives may not match the accounting results for the hedged asset or liability due to our inability to, or decision not to, meet the requirements for certain accounting treatments, or if the derivatives do not perform as intended.
Discussions about our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are included in our Managements Discussion and Analysis included herein.
We have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and
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operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that as of September 30, 2007, which is the end of the period covered by this Report on Form 10-Q, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting in the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2007 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | ||||||||||||||||
Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Programs | Maximum Number of Shares Available for Purchase Under Publicly Announced Programs | ||||||||||||
July 1 July 31, 2007 | | $ | | | | |||||||||||
August 1 August 31, 2007 | | | | | ||||||||||||
September 1 September 30, 2007 | | | | | ||||||||||||
Total | | $ | | | 1,000,000 |
No shares were purchased for the three months ended September 30, 2007 to satisfy tax withholding requirements on the vesting of restricted shares. On November 5, 2007, our board of directors authorized Redwood to purchase up to 5,000,000 shares of Redwood common stock. This board authorization replaces a previously board-authorized stock purchase program under which Redwood had remaining authority to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares.
Exhibit Number |
Exhibit | |
31.1 |
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
|
31.2 |
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
|
32.1 |
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith) |
|
32.2 |
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
REDWOOD TRUST, INC. |
||
Dated: November 5, 2007 | By: /s/ Douglas B. Hansen |
Dated: November 5, 2007 | By: /s/ Martin S. Hughes |
Dated: November 5, 2007 | By: /s/ Raymond S. Jackson |
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